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  • 1965-1969  (8)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Durch Injektion wäßriger Lösungen von H3BO3 (5·10-5 mol, 10-3 mol) und CaCl2 (1,5·10-4 mol) in die Blattstielhöhle von Cucurbita maxima wurde eine lokale Anhäufung von Siebröhrencallose ausgelöst. 2. Starke Callosevermehrung trat bei 34,2% der Siebröhren ein, wenn 5·10-5 mol H3BO3 injiziert wurde. Bei unbehandelten Kontrollpflanzen enthielten nur 5,4% der Siebröhren starke Calloseablagerungen. 3. 14C (in Form von KH14CO3) wurde annaähernd quantitativ von der Spreitenoberseite aufgenommen und im Blatt assimiliert. Der Abtransport der markierten Assimilate wurde durch Calloseablagerung nicht gehemmt. 4. Wurde mit 10-3 mol H3BO3 Callosebildung ausgelöst, so trat eine deutliche Beschleunigung der Assimilatbewegung ein. Mit Autoradiographien und Zählrohrmessungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß Wurzeln und Sproßspitzen der Borsäure-Pflanzen wesentlich mehr 14C enthielten als die Kontrollen. 5. Der Längstransport von K-Fluorescein in den Siebröhren wurde durch starke Calloseablagerung nicht beeinflußt. Im Bereich der Injektionsstelle trat der Farbstoff in das Phloemparenchym und die Stärkescheide über. 6. Historadiographien zeigten, daß 14C-markierte Assimilate im Injektionsbereich ebenfalls gestaut werden. Die Plastiden der Stärkescheide waren bei Borsäure-Pflanzen in dieser Region mit 14C markiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. A local accumulation of sieve tube callose can be induced by injection of aqueous solutions of H3BO3 (5·10-5 mol, 10-3 mol) and CaCl2 (1.5·10-4 mol) into the cavity of petioles of Cucurbita maxima. 2. Injection of 5·10-5 mol H3BO3 caused a heavy callose deposition in 34.2% of the sieve tubes. Non-treated control plants contained only 5.4% sieve tubes with heavy deposition of callose. 3. 14C (as KH14CO3) was absorbed and assimilated nearly quantitatively by the leaf blade. The transport of labeled assimilates was not slowed down by callose depositions. 4. Induction of callose deposition by 10-3 mol H3BO3 showed a significant acceleration of the assimilate-movement. With autoradiographs and counting tube measurements it could be shown that roots and shoot tips of boric acid-injected plants contained essentially more 14C than the control plants. 5. The long distance transport of K-Fluorescein in sieve tubes was not affected by heavy callose deposition. In the region of the injection it was observed that the dye moved into the phloem parenchyma and the starch sheath. 6. In addition, historadiographs showed that 14C-labeled assimilates accumulated in the region of the injection. In boric acid treated plants, the plastids of the starch sheath had been labeled with 14C in the injection region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 82 (1968), S. 321-336 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the young part of the stem of Polytrichum commune the protoplasts of the two types of conducting cells, the leptoids and parenchyma cells, are nearly identically equipped with cell organelles and cytoplasmic structures. Both types contain a nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and dictyosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum builds characteristic cisterns in form of hollow cylinders extending from one end wall to the other. The cisterns are connected with many plasmodesmata, which occur only in the end walls. Leptoids have oblique end walls with 16 to 20 plasmodesmata per μm2, and parenchyma cells show cross walls perpendicular to the axis with 9 to 12 plasmodesmata per μm2. Since the leptoids are supposed to be the pathways for the longitudinal transport of assimilates (Eschrich and Steiner, 1967, 1968), it is of interest that early in their development these elements undergo a change in their protoplasmatic structure. Two to 3 cm below the apical cell the protoplasts degenerate and show lysosome-like structures. The endoplasmic reticulum and other structures are deformed or dissolved; the plasmodesmata are constricted by callose deposits. At the same level the parenchyma cells still retain the original structure of their protoplasts. Thus, assimilates moving upward in one row of leptoids may penetrate the whole lumen of the leptoids at lower levels, but they are restricted to the cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum at higher levels of the stem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 65 (1965), S. 280-300 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer zusammenfassenden Darstellung wird über Ergebnisse der Calloseforschung berichtet, die zu einer Erklärung der Funktion der Siebröhrencallose beitragen. Die Befunde führen zu der Annahme, daß Callose auf nichtosmotischem Wege Wasser aus dem Symplasten aufnimmt und an den Apoplasten abgibt. Auf diese Weise wereden Zuckerdefizite, die in osmotisch regulierten Transportsystemen auftreten, kurzfristig ausgeglichen.
    Notes: Summary In a comprehensive survey the results of callose research are reported which contribute to an explanation of the function of sieve-tube callose. The observations lead to the assumption that callose takes up water from the symplast by nonosmotic imbibition and releases it into the the apoplast. Thus a deficit in the sugar balance occurring in osmotically regulated transport systems can be compensated within a short time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 85 (1969), S. 213-227 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary D,L-Phenylalanine (phe) applied to the first primary leaf of a young Vicia faba plant moves into the sieve tubes and appears in the honey dew of aphids feeding on the third primary leaf. Ethanol extracts of the treated leaf contain labeled phe and an acidic compound which could be identified as N-malonyl-D-phe. D-phe-l-14C was obtained pure by enzymatic decarboxylation of the L-isomer of commercially available D,L-phe-l-14C, using an enzyme from red algae (Hartmann, 1967). The uptake of the D-isomer of phe by the sieve tubes is independent of the age of the treated leaf. L-phe applied to a young leaf is completely incorporated into protein; L-phe taken up by an older leaf is translocated in considerable amounts. Pulse-labeling with the two isomers shows that D-phe entering the sieve tube system is quickly removed to the parenchyma where it is acylated with malonic acid to the phloem immobile N-malonyl-D-phe. L-phe does not react with malonic acid at all. It is translocated to the centers of protein synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 85 (1969), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Leucine-(U)-C14 applied to the midrib of a young phylloid of Delesseria sanguinea moves basipetally and acropetally and eventually appears in other phylloids of the same plant. The highest velocity of transport calculated was 63 cm/h. The pathway of movement seems to be the veins of the phylloids and the central core of the cauloid. Similar results had been obtained with Cystoclonium purpureum. Both algae belong to the Florideae with axial cells. Observations with the light microscope of veins of Delesseria revealed that the proposed conducting elements (up to 540 μm long) are interconnected by synapses having 1 to 4 “pit fields”, which occur as very thin parts of the wall. Single pit fields of the same structure occur in lateral walls, connecting two rows of conducting cells. The pit fields are mostly occluded by slime-like material staining yellow with iodine which is attached to one side of the synapsis. Conducting cells contain several nuclei and a small amount of threadlike, branched rhodoplasts; they are surrounded by starch cells. In cauloids which have overwintered, the starch cells are depleted of starch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 74 (1967), S. 330-349 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Einzelne Blätter des Gametophyten von Polytrichum commune wurden mit Bicarbonat-14C-Lösung versorgt. Die markierten Assimilate (hauptsächlich Saccharose) wanderten im Stämmchen mit einer Geschwindigkeit von mindestens 32 cm/Std (14°C, 6000 Lux, 65% rel. Feuchte) bevorzugt zur Sproßspitze. 2. Aus Historadiographien der wasserlöslichen und eingebauten Aktivität war ersichtlich, daß die Assimilate im Leptoidenmantel des Zentralstranges transportiert wurden. Die Hydroiden des Zentralstranges und das Grundgewebe blieben stets frei von Aktivität. 3. Historadiographien von Blattquerschnitten zeigten Aktivität ausschließlich über den Socii und den Zentralzellen. Anscheinend wurden die Blätter über die Blattspuren mit markierten Assimilaten versorgt. Die zum Hydrosystem gehörenden Zentralzellen wurden wahrscheinlich beim Passieren des Leptoidenmantels mit Aktivität beladen. 4. Die offensichtlich zum Stofftransport dienenden Leptoiden und Socii enthalten — entgegen älteren Angaben — Callose an den Querwänden; sie führen aber auch Chloroplasten. 5. Für autoradiographische Untersuchungen über den Assimilattransport erwiesen sich frische Pflanzen, die bei 90–95% rel. Feuchte inkubiert wurden, als ungeeignet, da die applizierte Aktivität mit der capillaren, äußeren Wasserleitung verschleppt wurde. Pflanzen, deren capillare Wasserleitung ausgeschaltet war (angetrocknete Pflanzen, welche bei 65% rel. Feuchte inkubiert wurden), waren in ihrer Assimilationsund Transporttätigkeit offensichtlich nicht behindert.
    Notes: Summary After application of 2 μc bicarbonate-14C on a single leaf of the gametophyte of Polytrichum commune L., labeled organic material moves upward with a velocity of at least 32 cm per hour. Historadiographs of transsections showed that radioactivity occurs in the leptoids of the stem and in certain cells of the leaf bundle, mainly the so called Socii. Hydroids and ground tissue of the stem remain unlabeled. One of several labeled organic substances found in the extract of leaves could be identified as sucrose. Gross autoradiographs of fresh plants were obscured by 14C-contaminated capillary water, which had spread on the surface of the plant. This effect could be prevented by drying off the surface water. In Polytrichum, there seems to exist a special conducting system for assimilates, composed of leptoids and certain Socii. Both cell-types agree in shape and content. They have relatively dense protoplasts containing chloroplasts; the transverse end walls are commonly covered by a thin layer of callose. A cytologic and ultrastructural study is in preparation.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 82 (1968), S. 33-49 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von lückenlosen Querschnittsserien wurde die Struktur des Leitgewebesystems von Polytrichum commune ermittelt. Dabei ergab sich: 1. Der Leptommantel des Zentralstranges besteht aus Parenchymzellen mit quer gestellten Endwänden und Leptoiden mit schräg gestellten Endwänden. Die Leptoiden sind in 8 längs verlaufenden Strängen angeordnet. Alle Elemente des Zentralstranges differenzieren sich in basipetaler Richtung. 2. Die Blattspurelemente werden während ihres Verlaufs im Stengelgewebe zum größten Teil eliminiert. Von den 11 Zentralzellen des Blattrippenbündels tritt nur eine mit den axialen Hydroiden in Verbindung. Von den parenchymatischen Elementen der Blattspur werden die abaxialen Socii vollständig, die adaxialen Deuter bis auf 4 oder 5 eliminiert. Einige der verbleibenden Deuter treten mit einem, seltener mit zwei Leptoidensträngen über eine Leptoidenbrücke in Kontakt. Die Elemente der Blattspur differenzieren sich in basipetaler und akropetaler Richtung. Die Blattspur wird in zentrifugaler Richtung über einen Zeitabschnitt von 24 Blattplastochronen vervollständigt. 3. Die Ergebnisse lassen erkennen, daß zwischen Zentralstrang und Blattspuren nur ein loser Zusammenhang besteht. Der Vergleich des Leitgewebesystems von Polytrichum mit einer Aktinostele ist nicht gerechtfertigt.
    Notes: Summary In a previous paper (Eschrich and Steiner, 1967) we could show that 14C-labeled assimilates moved in the leptom cylinder of the stem of Polytrichum commune with a velocity of at least 32 cm per hour. The present paper deals with the structure and differentiation of the conducting system of the same species. The central core of hydroids, the water conducting tissue, is surrounded by the leptom cylinder. Embedded in this cylinder of parenchymatic cells are 8 longitudinal strands of leptoids, which are supposed to be the conducting cells for the long distance transport of assimilates. Leptoids differ from parenchyma cells in having oblique end walls. The leptoids originate from derivatives of the apical cell and differentiate in a basipetal direction. Leaf traces are composed of water conducting central cells, which are surrounded by parenchymatic cells, the socii on the abaxial side, the deuter on the adaxial side. A leaf trace entering the stem mostly contains 11 rows of central cell. Along the path of the leaf trace through the ground tissue to the axial conducting system, all central cells are eliminated except the middlemost cell, which eventually merges with the hydroids. The parenchymatic cells of the leaf trace are successively taken off by the ground tissue or they are eliminated. At the level with 4 central cells the leaf trace is devoid of socii and the remaing deuters may be connected with one or two leptoid strands by a group of cells, which is named leptoid bridge. The deuters and the cells of the leptoid bridge have the same oblique end walls as the leptoids. The whole structure shows that there exists only a loose connection between the axial conducting system and the leaf traces.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 73 (1967), S. 37-49 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The honey dew of aphids feeding on the horizontally fixed stem of a Vicia faba plant was collected on a turning table. When the leaf below the pierced stem was provided with fluorescein, and the leaf above with a 14C-compound, the honey dew mostly contained both tracers. It could be shown that the attractive force of a single aphid is not strong enough to change the direction of transport. The tracers must have moved bidirectional in the same bundle and joined each other in the sieve tube before it was pierced by the aphid. There exists either a bidirectional movement in the single sieve tube, or the tracers move side by side in a “homodromous loop-path”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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