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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postsynaptic influences on the vestibular non-deiters nuclei from primary vestibular nerve (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 190-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular ; EPSP ; IPSP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurones in the descending, medial and superior vestibular nuclei of the cats were explored with intracellular microelectrodes. Cerebellar- and spinal-projecting neurones were identified by their antidromic invasion from the region of fastigial nuclei and from the second cervical segment, respectively, and the others by their location. The central actions of the primary vestibular impulses upon these non-Deiters vestibular nuclei neurones were investigated by using electric stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve. Many of these cells received excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) monosynaptically, similar to those evoked in the ventral Deiters neurones, as described elsewhere, except that the unitary EPSPs are often larger. Some cells received only polysynaptic EPSPs or IPSPs and a few cells were not influenced at all.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234539
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacological properties of the postsynaptic inhibition by Purkinje cell axons and the action of γ-aminobutyric acid on Deiters neurones (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 4 (1967), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Purkinje cells ; Deiters neurones ; Inhibitory synapses ; GABA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1.Various drugs were applied intravenously or into the fourth ventricle and their effects upon the inhibition exerted by Purkinje cell axons were appraised by both extra- and intracellular recording from Deiters neurones. Strychnine, picrotoxin, pentamethylenetetrazol, β-methyl-β-ethylglutarimide, noradrenaline, dopamine, dibenamine and nethalide did not affect this inhibition. 2.γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and inhibitors of GABA transaminase were applied iontophoretically into the vicinity of Deiters neurones through an outer barrel of coaxial electrodes, the effects being observed either intra- or extracellularly through an inner barrel. 3. GABA depressed both inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials and often blocked the spike potentials, while it increased the membrane conductance. 4. GABA also produced a membrane hyperpolarization of 3–8 mV. Concomitantly both the spike potential and after-depolarization increased in amplitude and the after-hyperpolarization decreased. 5. In a few cases hydroxylamine but not amino-oxyacetic acid potentiated the inhibition, there being an increase in the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials thereby induced. 6. These effects were considered in connection with the possibility that GABA acts as a natural transmitter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235216
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of cerebellar-induced inhibition of Deiters neurones II. Temporal correlation between the trans-synaptic activation of Purkinje cells and the inhibition of Deiters neurones (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 350-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters neurones ; Inhibition ; Climbing fibre responses ; Inferior olive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracellular recording with microelectrodes has been employed to reveal the causal relationship between the trans-synaptic activation of cerebellar Purkinje cells and the postsynaptic inhibition of Deiters neurones. Cerebellar stimulation produced in Deiters neurones not only monosynaptic IPSPs with latency of 0.9–1.5 msec, but also the delayed IPSPs at 1.5–9 msec. Correspondng to the latter, Purkinje cells were found to be activated orthodromically with the characteristic climbing fibre responses (CFRs), the latency varying from 0.8 up to 10 msec. On the other hand, stimulation of the inferior olive first induced EPSPs in Deiters neurones, presumably monosynaptically, then with a short delay of less than a millisecond CRFs in Purkinje cells of the anterior lobe, which in turn were succeeded by IPSPs in Deiters neurones after a further delay of a millisecond. Spinal stimulation activated the inferior olive trans-synaptically and thereby produced CFRs in Purkinje cells and a sequence of EPSPs and IPSPs in Deiters neurones. Close correlation between these spinal-induced events in both neurone species was further indicated by the concurrence of their fluctuations in intensity, these fluctuations being characteristic of the spino-olivary transmission mechanism. These results strongly support the postulate that the cerebellar Purkinje cells are inhibitory in their action upon Deiters neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234780
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of cerebellar-induced inhibition of Deiters neurones I. Monosynaptic initiation of the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 330-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters neurones ; IPSP ; Monosynaptic ; Purkinje cells ; Inhibitory neurones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During stimulation of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum, postsynaptic potentials were recorded intracellularly from ipsilateral Deiters neurones of the cat. In the majority of examined cells, the inhibitory postsynapic potentials were induced with short latency; 1.06 msec on the average from lobule III or IV. The latency was longer (1.23 msec) when the lobule V was stimulated, while it was shorter (0.86 msec) from the juxtafastigial region. It follows that the IPSP was produced via a monosynaptic pathway at a conduction velocity of 15 to 20 m/sec. Recording of the extracellular field potentials and focal stimulation within and around Deiters' nucleus further indicated that the inhibitory impulses propagated out of the cerebellum along a remarkable bundle of fibres which terminated within Deiters' nucleus. These results are all explicable by assuming that the cerebellar Purkinje cells are inhibitory in nature and so produce IPSPs monosynaptically in Deiters neurones via the long corticofugal fibres. Monosynaptic EPSPs were also detected in some Deiters neurones. They are considered to be mediated by the other pathways formed of axon collaterals of the cerebellar afferents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234779
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axon reflex activation of Deiters neurones from the cerebellar cortex through collaterals of the cerebellar afferents (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 249-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Axon reflex ; Deiters neurones ; Cerebellar afferents ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary When recording intracellularly from cat's Deiters neurones, stimulation of the anterior lobe of the cerebellar cortex produced excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) monosynaptically, in addition to the inhibitory ones (IPSPs) that were identified previously as being produced via Purkinje cell axons. The EPSPs were induced bilaterally from a wide area of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, in contrast to the IPSPs that were evoked only ipsilaterally, mainly from the vermal cortex. The latency of the EPSPs was slightly, but significantly, shorter than that of the IPSPs. The presynaptic impulses responsible for these EPSPs were represented by the discrete field potentials and also by unit spikes of individual fibres. The pathway for these EPSPs and presynaptic impulses was pursued by testing their interference, in the manner of impulse collision and refractoriness, with those induced from various spots within or outside the cerebellum. It is found that the excitatory fibres for Deiters neurones extend transversely, and probably longitudinally too, over the culmen and pass out of the cerebellum through cerebellar peduncles. The major portion of them appears to originate from the medulla and a minority from the spinal cord. It is postulated that cerebellar afferents from these structures have synapses with Deiters neurones via their collateral branches, through which a kind of axon reflex occurs to Deiters neurones during stimulation of the cerebellar cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234252
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of cerebellar-induced inhibition of Deiters neurones III. Localization of the inhibitory zone (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 4 (1968), S. 310-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters neurones ; Cerebellum ; Inhibitory zone ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By recording intracellularly from Deiters neurones of cats, there was a survey of those cerebellar areas that, when stimulated, produced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) monosynaptically in Deiters neurones. The monosynaptic inhibitory area expanded longitudinally mainly along the ipsilateral vermal cortex of the anterior lobe. The ipsilateral cortex of the posterior lobe was also effective in inhibiting Deiters neurones though less prominently than the anterior lobe. The inhibitory fibers could be stimulated in the white matter of the cerebellum, predominantly in the ipsilateral side at rostral regions of nuclei fastigii and interpositus. It was further shown that the monosynaptic inhibition from the anterior and posterior lobes occurs chiefly in the dorsal portion of Deiters nucleus. Since in both the cerebellum and Deiters nucleus the spatial pattern of distribution of the inhibitory fibers conforms to that of the corticovestibular fibers as histologically defined, the experimental findings are in accord with the hypothesis that the cerebellar Purkinje cells are inhibitory in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235698
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebellar-evoked disinhibition in dorsal deiters neurones (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 247-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters neurones ; Disinhibition ; Cerebellum ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following the stimulation of cerebellar cortex, a slow depolarization developed in the neurones which were impaled with microelectrodes in the dorsal portion of the nucleus of Deiters. Characteristically, it was produced bilaterally from a wide area of the culmen and, with double shock stimulation at brief intervals, showed a marked potentiation, often in association with a later depression. After repetitive stimulation of the cerebellar cortex the slow depolarization was prolonged for a period of many seconds. Even stimulation of the spinal cord caused similar depolarization. By intracellular injection of currents and ions, the depolarization was shown to be disinhibition, i. e., removal of background inhibition. Accordingly, it was confirmed that there was a steady production of IPSPs in dorsal Deiters neurones, which diminished during the phase of disinhibition. As the possible source of these background IPSPs, the Purkinje cell axons within the nucleus of Deiters were found to be discharging rhythmically at a rate of 20–90/sec, and in fact they were depressed very effectively after cerebellar stimulation. At the same time, volleys along Purkinje cell axons produced by a testing cerebellar stimulation also were diminished, indicating a depression in the excitability of Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235127
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional synaptic organization of primary visual cortex neurones in the cat (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 324-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Intracellular recording ; Receptive fields ; Computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spontaneous and light evoked post-synaptic activity of cells of the primary visual cortex was investigated with intracellular and quasi-intracellular records. The resting membrane potential fluctuated mostly between 3–10 mV below the firing threshold owing to spontaneous EPSP- and IPSP-activity. Discharge activity was therefore low. Forms and amplitudes of the visible EPSP's showed a large variability, the frequency was 150–300/sec. Discrete IPSP's were between 0.5–3 mV and were less frequent than EPSP's (about 1∶10). Their duration was only slightly longer than that of EPSP's. EPSP's and IPSP's could be elicited at on or off by appropriately positioned small light stimuli. During the initial reaction following a stimulus, single PSP's could be distinguished. Geniculate on-center- as well as off-center-afferents could lead to excitation or inhibition in different neurones. The receptive fields of cortical cells to monocular stimulation were analysed with averaged records. In each neurone 2–4 overlapping areas of on- or off-activation or -inhibition could be distinguished. Each of these activation or inhibition zones had the functional properties of a single geniculo-cortical onor off-center fibre with their receptive field centers separated by 1–3°. The variety of functional organizations of the cortical neurones to monocular stimulation was explained by variable combinations of 2–4 converging geniculate on- or off-center fibres with either excitatory or inhibitory action and variable overlap of their receptive fields. This was tested in a simple computer model. — Most neurones with pronounced reactions to movement or with direction specific movement sensitivity (about half of the neurones investigated) had an excitatory contact with an off-center fibre, which seemed to be mainly responsible for the movement reaction.- The findings suggest that from each eye less than 5 geniculo-cortical afferent converging fibres have a major effect on the activity of one cortical cell. Inhibitory afferents may be indirect and relayed through another cortical pyramidal cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233183
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vestibular-evoked postsynaptic potentials in Deiters neurones (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 7 (1969), S. 214-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters ; Vestibular nerve ; EPSP ; Monosynaptic ; Disynaptic ; IPSP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulation of the vestibular nerve induced EPSPs monosynaptically in 29% of cat's Deiters neurones sampled on the ipsilateral side. These EPSPs started with latencies of 0.6–1.0 msec, rose sharply with a summit time of 0.5 msec and decayed exponentially with a time constant of 0.9–1.7 msec. Then amplitudes were graded finely according to the intensity of the vestibular nerve stimulation, the maximal size being 5–10 mV. The unitary EPSPs, evoked by vestibular nerve stimulation at juxta-threshold intensity or appearing spontaneously, were as small as 0.2–0.3 mV in amplitude. Those neurones monosynaptically activated by vestibular nerve volleys were located in the ventral portion of the nucleus of Deiters, in agreement with histological data. The vestibular nerve impulses also produced delayed EPSPs with latencies of 1.0–1.8 msec, presumably disynaptically. They occurred in many Deiters neurones located not only ventrally but also dorsally. Even later EPSPs often were superposed on the monosynaptic EPSPs with latencies of 1.9–2.2 msec. There is evidence that they were caused by repetitive discharges in the vestibular nerve fibres which occur in response to single shock stimulation of the vestibular nerve. IPSPs were produced only polysynaptically in some Deiters neurones in association with the monosynaptic EPSPs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239030
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