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  • 1965-1969  (33)
  • 1955-1959  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 20 (1956), S. 581-583 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Trioxan wurde in festem. Zustand in Suspension in n-Hexan mit SnCl4 polymerisiert. Das entstehende Polymere besaß einen hohen Ordnungsgrad, und es wird vermutet, daß die Polymerisation im kristallinen Zustand abläuft. Wasser und Trichloressigsäure wirken als Cokatalysatoren. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit nimmt bis zu einem molaren Verhältnis Cl3CCOOH/SnCl4 von, ca. 0,6-0,7 zu. Das Molekulargewicht des entstehenden Polyoxymethylens wird jedoch durch die Trichloressigsäure-Konzentration nicht beeinflußt.Die Bruttoaktivierungsenergie betrug bei Cl3COOH—SnC14 15,8 kcal/Mol und bei Wasser-SnC14 17,2 kcal/Mol. Diese Werte sind größer als bei der Initiierung mit Bor-fluorid-Ätherat; daraus wird geschlossen, daß die Diffusion des Initiators eine wichtige Rolle bei der Polymerisation in fester Phase spielt. Dies wird aueh durch Röntgenstreuungs-Untersuchungen bestätigt, die für mit Borfluorid-Ätherat erhaltene Polymere eine wesentlich bessere Orientierung ergab als für solche, die mit SnCl, hergestellt worden waren. Die Molekulargewichte nehmen bei beiden Katalysatoren mit zunehmendem Umsatz und abnehmender Polymerisationstemperatur ab. Letztere Beobachtung kann vor allem durch eine Re-orientierung der Monomermoleküle während der Polymerisation erklärt werden.
    Notes: Trioxane was polymerized in solid state in n-hexane medium, using stannic chloride as a catalyst. Resulting polymer was highly oriented and it was estimated that polymerization proceeded in crystalline state. In this system, trichloroacetic acid or water were effective as cocatalysts and the rate of polymerization increased with increasing concentration of trichloroacetic acid up to a molar ratio ([trichloroacetic acid]/[SnCl4]) of about 0.6-0.7. But molecular weight of polymer was not changed by concentration of trichloro acetic acid.The activation energy of over-all rate was 15.8 kcal. /mole in the case of stannic chloridetrichloroacetic acid, and 17.2 kcal. /mole in stannic chloride-water catalyst. These values were larger than that of BF3. O(C2H5)2, and it was considered from this result that the diffusion of a catalyst played an important role in solid phase polymerization. This consideration was also supported by X-ray diffraction patterns in which the polymer obtained by BF3O(C2H5)2, showed better orientation than that obtained by stannic chloride catalyst. Molecular wieght of polymer obtained by stannic chloride as well as by BF3·O(C2H5)2 decreased with increasing conversion and with the lowering of polymerization temperature. This phenomenon can be explained mainly by the re-orientation of monomer molecules.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß der Polymerisationsbedingungen auf die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und das Molekulargewicht des erhaltenen Polymeren wurde an N-Dithiocarbonyläthoxycarbonyl-DL-alanin in Tolual, Dioxan, Nitrobenzol und Methylisobutylketon untersucht.In Dioxan, einem sehr brauchbaren Lösungsmittel, um Polyniere hohen Molekulargewichts zu erhalten, sinkt das Molekulargewicht mit wachsender Monomerkonzentration. Basische Substanzen beschleunigten die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit, erniedrigten aber das Molekulargewicht des erhaltenen Polymeren. Wasser beschleunigte die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit; die Erniedrigung des Molekulargewichts war nicht so groß.
    Notes: The effect of polymerization conditions on the rate of polymerization and molecular weights of resulting polymer was studied with N-dithiocarbonyl ethoxycarbonyl-DL-α-alanine. in toluenc, dioxane, nitrobenzene and methyl isobutyl ketone.In dioxane, which is a very suitable solvent to obtain high molecular weight polymers, the molecular weight of resulting polymer decreased with increasing monomer concentration. Basic substances accelerated the rate of polymerization, but decreased the molecular weight of resulting polymer. Water accelerated the rate of polymerization and the decrease of molecular weight was not so large.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hochmolekulares Polyoxymethylen wurde durch Polymerisation von kristallinem Trioxan in fester Phase, dispergiert in Kohlenwasserstoffen, mittels BF3 · O(C2H5)2 als Initiator erhalten. Um den Einfluß des Dispersionsmediums aufzuklären, wurden Cyclohexan, n-Hexan sowie Gemische desselben mit Benzol und Nitrobenzol verwendet. Die Gegenwart kleiner Mengen eines für Trioxan guten Lösungsmittels erhöht das Molekulargewicht des entstehenden Polymeren; Zusatz größerer Mengen führt jedoch zu einer Molekulargewichtsverminderung.Bei Verwendung eines feinen Kristallpulvers des Monomeren sind die Geschwindigkeit der Polymerisation in fester Phase sowie die Molekulargewichte der Polymeren höher als bei größeren Trioxankristallen. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß das Medium auf zweifache Weise wirkt: einmal dringt es in das Kristallgefüge des Monomeren ein; es vergrößert damit seine Oberfläche und erleichtert die Diffusion des Initiators in das Monomere. Zum andern schützt das Medium das schon gebildete Polymere vor einem Abbau durch den sauren Initiator; ohne ein flüssiges Reaktionsmedium konnte bei hohen Umsätzen kein hochmolekulares Polyoxymethylen erhalten werden.Der Einfluß kleiner Mengen Wasser wurde untersucht. Wasser, welches in den Monomerkristallen enthalten ist, hat einen kleineren Einfluß als Wasser, welches im Dispersionsmedium gelöst ist.
    Notes: Polyoxymethylene having high molecular weight was obtained by the solid state polymerization of trioxane crystals catalyzed by BF3 · O(C2H5)2, in a dispersing medium. To clarify the role of the medium, cyclohexane, hexane benzene and hexane-nitrobenzene were used. Addition of a small amount of good solvent increased the molecular weight of the resulting polymer, but the addition of a large amount of good solvent decreased molecular weight. When powdered crystals of trioxane were used in the solid state polymerization in n-hexane, both the rate of polymerization and molecular weight of polymer were larger than when large crystals were used. From these results, it is concluded that the first effect of a medium is the penetration into the crystal of monomer. This brings about an effective increase of both crystalline surface area and the easiness of diffusion of catalysts. The second effect of a medium is to protect the polymer from degradation by acid catalysts. If no liquid medium was used in solid state polymerization, high polymer could not be obtained at high conversion.The effect of a small amount of water was studied. The effect of water contained in the trioxane crystals was smaller than that of water in the liquid medium.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 109 (1967), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: N-Dithiocarbonyl-äthoxycarbonyl-aminosäiuren (DTE-Aminosäuren) (I) werden beim Erhitzen in Dioxan leicht in hochmolekulare Polypeptide umgewandelt. Um den Reaktionsmechanismus aufzuklären, wurde die Bildung von Neben- oder Zwischenprodukten bei der Polymerisation von DTE-Glycin und -Alanin untersucht. Als Nebenprodukte wurden Thiazolid-2.5-dion (IV) und 2-Thio-oxazolid-5-on (III) isoliert. (III) ist instabil und wandelt sich in Polypeptid und (IV) um. Eine Isothiocyanatgruppe wurde durch IR-Absorption (KBr-Preßling von (I) und (III)) bei Raumtemperatur und im Anfangsstadium der Polymerisation von (I) nachgewiesen. Diese Ergebnisse legen den folgenden vorherrschenden Bildungsmechanismus von Polypeptiden über die Isothiocyanatcarbonsäure (II) nahe:
    Notes: N-Dithiocarbonyl ethoxycarbonyl amino acids (DTE-amino acids) (I) are easily converted to high molecular polypeptides by heating in dioxane. To elucidate the reaction mechanism, the formation of by-products or intermediates in the polymerization of DTE-glycine and -alanine were studied. Thiazolid-2.5-dione (IV) and 2-thio-oxazolid- 5 -one (III) were isolated as by-products. (III) is unstable and changes to polypeptide and (IV). The IR-absorption of a isothiocyanate group is observed keeping (I) and (III) in KBr disks at room temperature and in the initial stage of the polymerization of (I). These results suggest the following predominant mechanism for the formation of poly-peptides proceeding via the isothiocyanate carboxylic acid (II):
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Polykondensation von N-Dithiocarbonyl-(äthoxybonyl)(DTE)-L-alanin wurde in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln durchgeführt und der Einfluß eines optischen Isomeren untersucht. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit des L- und des racemischen Monomeren steigt mit wachsender Monomerenkonzentration, der Polarität des lösungsmittels und der Polymerisationstemperatur. Das Molekulargewicht des Polymeren ist hingegen von der Polarität des Lösungsmittels unabhängig; es wurden Hochpolymere sowohl in 1.4-Dioxan als auch in Äthylenglykoldiacetat und n-Butylacetat erhalten. Polyalanin mit hohem Molekulargewicht (ηsp/c 〉 1,5 in Dichloressigsäure, 30°C) konnte unter geeigneten Bedingungen erhalten werden.Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit des L-Monomeren und das Molekulargewicht des Polymeren sind weit größer als bei dem DL-Monomeren. Zusatz geringer Mengen des DL-Monomeren ZUM L-Monomeren setzt die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und das Molekulargewicht des Polymeren beträchtlich herab. Bei der Polymerisation von DTE-L-Alaninohne Katalysator wurde keine Racemisierung beobachtet. Wie bei der Polymerisation von N-Carboxyalaninanhydrid wird asymmetrische Selektion beobachtet, d. h., L-Monomeres wird bevorzugt in das wachsende Polymere aus L-Monomerem eingebaut.
    Notes: Condensation polymerization of N-dithiocarbonyl ethoxycarbonyl-L-alanine (DTE-L-alanine) was carried out in various solvents and the effect of an optical isomer was examined. The rate of polymerization of the L- as well as the racemic monomer increased with increasing monomer concentration, polarity of solvent, and polymerization temperature. However, the molecular weight of the polymer was independent of the polarity of solvent. High polymers were obtained in 1.4-dioxane, ethylene glycol diacetate, and n-butyl acetate. Poly-alanine having a high molecular weight (ηsp/c 〉 1.5) in dichloroacetic acid at 30°C was prepared under profitable conditions.The rate of polymerization of the L-monomer and the molecular weight of the polymer obtained were much larger than that of the DL-monomer. Addition of a small amount of DL-monomer to the L-monomer remarkably decreased both the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight of the polymer. In the polymerization of DTE-L-alanine without catalyst no racemization was observed. L-Monomer was preferentially incorporated into the growing polymer produced from L-monomer, i.e. asymmetric selection was observed as was the case with N-carboxy-alanine anhydride.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 26 (1957), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The stabilization energy due to the conjugation taking place between a monomer and an ion in the transition state is calculated by the LCAO perturbation theory, in the same way in which the reactivity in radical copolymerization has previously been treated. In terms of this stabilization energy, the reactivity ratios of several monomer pairs in ionic copolymerization are satisfactorily interpreted. It is noted that, by the present method, both the radical and ionic copolymerization can be treated in a unified manner, whereas it is difficult in existing empirical methods. The positions of attack in polymer ions as well as in monomers, which are predicted by the frontier electron densities, are shown to agree well with experimental facts. The relative reactivities of vinyl monomers in ionic homopolymerization is also explained successfully by the magnitude of the localization energy computed by the LCAO method.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 33 (1958), S. 491-493 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 39 (1959), S. 487-492 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical interpretation of the mechanism of stereospecific cationic polymerization in a homogeneous system at low temperature is given. The existance of a counterion in the vicinity of a charged carbon atom of a growing polymer ion is assumed and a repulsive interaction is considered to be between the substituent of the attacking monomer and that of the polymer. The most probable geometrical conformation of a monomer and a polymer ion in the transition state is determined by the magnitude of stabilization due to the overlap between atomic orbitals of ion and monomer. Our experimental results can be explained satisfactorily by this mechanism.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 85 (1965), S. 178-186 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine theoretische Untersuchung über das Produkt der Copolymerisationsparameter π = r1 · r2 wird an Hand des Q,e-Schemas und mit Hilfe thermodynamischer Überlegungen durchgeführt. Es zeigt sich, daß bei radikalischen Copolymerisationen synergetische Effekte im Übergangszustand zu π-Werten größer als eins führen können. Dieselben Effekte können auch bei ionischen Copolymerisationen π-Werte bedingen, deren Betrag von eins verschieden ist.
    Notes: The nature of the reactivity ratio product, π = r1r2, has been examined for free radical and ionic copolymerizations in terms of the Q,e-scheme and the thermodynamics of the transition state. It is concluded that synergistic effects in the transition state can lead to π-values greater than unity in free radical copolymerizations. The same effects may also cause some ionic copolymerizations to have π-values which differ from unity.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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