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  • 1950-1954  (11)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 165 (1950), S. 238-238 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It has now been found that a similar recrystalliza-tion can be effected by 'mercerization'. Four different rayon fibres were soaked in 18 per cent caustic soda solution at room temperature for 10 min., freed from lye by pressing between filter paper, and put into a large quantity of boiling water ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 170 (1952), S. 369-370 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In fibres from highly oriented polyamides and from some other synthetic polymers, such as 'Teryleiie' and polythene, maxima at small angles have been observed on the meridian of the fibre diagram and have been related tentatively to a periodicity in the length and arrangement of the crystalline and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallinity of rayons measured with a standardized x-ray method increases from 40 to 50% after previous treatment with 18% sodium hydroxide followed by removal of the alkali with boiling water. If the washing-out of the alkali is carried out at room temperature, or if 4% sodium hydroxide is employed, the increase in crystallinity is smaller. Neither exclusion of oxygen during mercerization nor addition of hydrogen peroxide to the soaking lye has an influence on the final crystallinity. Native celluloses (ramie and wood pulp), after soaking in 18% sodium hydroxide and washing at the boil, yield the same figure of 50% crystallinity. A crystallinity figure of 50% is also obtained upon heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of rayon fibers at 100°C. and in cellulose precipitated from dilute viscose solution at 100°.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 404-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 5 (1950), S. 518-518 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 5 (1950), S. 565-568 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 30-39 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The intensity curves of small angle exposures of several rayon fibers in the water swollen state (degree of swelling q∼2) exhibit maxima and inflection points. It is shown that these singularities persist if the fibers are allowed to swell in LiOH solutions up to a swelling degree as high as 6.The occurrence of these maxima and inflection points demonstrates the existence of a degree of regularity in the superstructure not expected in the case of artificial fibers. It also provides conclusive evidence that in the small angle X-ray scattering by these objects interparticle interference does occur up to relatively high degrees of swelling.Evaluation after Guiniers method for diluted systems is therefore not permissible even not for such fibers which yield ordinary monotoneously descending intensity curves. This seems to decide the existing controversy in the literature, in partikular that between Hosemann and Kratky, in favour of the latter.Evaluation of the experiments on the basis of the special model system for cellulose fibers (lamellar clusters) as theoretically investigated by Kratky and Porod leads to an average period (inter lamellar distance) of 30-40 Å for water swollen rayons (110 Å for swollen ramie fibers).It follows from the Kratky-Porod theory that the occurrence of intensity curves either with singularities like maxima and inflection points or of the ordinary monotoneously descending type is correlated with relatively small variations in the average fluctuation coefficient of the existing periodicity. The large qualitative differences in shape of the intensity curves observed can thus be traced down to relatively small variations in the regularity of superstructure.It is shown that upon moderate acid treatment (heterogeneous hydrolysis) of rayon fibers the regularity of the superstructure can be considerably increased together with the increase in crystallinity which is known to occur simultaneously. With some rayons intensity curves with extremely sharp small angle maxima are then observed.It can be concluded that the size and mutual arrangement of the spots of increased local density which occur in cellulose fibers in the form of crystalline regions are of a surprisingly high regularity and that the crystalline regions should exhibit relatively sharp boundaries. Very smooth transitions between the crystalline and non-crystalline-proportions (as often discussed in the literature) seem to be out of the question.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß die Kleinwinkelintensitätskurven mancher im wassergequolienen Zustande (beim Quellungsgrad q∼2) aufgenommenen Reyonfasern, Singularitäten wie Biegepunkte und sogar Maxima aufweisen, die auch beim weiteren Aufquellenlassen der Fasern in LiOH-Lösungen bis q = 6 nicht verschwinden.Das Auftreten dieser Maxima deutet nicht nur darauf hin, daß die streuende Submikrostruktur bei einigen Reyons eine für Kunstfasern unerwartet große Regelmäßigkeit aufweist, sondern liefert ebenfalls den eindeutigen Beweis, dafür, daß man es bei diesen Objekten bis zu relativ sehr hohen Quellungsgraden mit Interferenzerscheinungen zwischen der von den einzelnen Partikeln gestreuten Strahlung zu tun hat und daß also eine Auswertung nach Guiniers Methode für verdünnte Systeme bei diesen Objekten (auch in denjenigen Fällen, wo ihre Intensitätskurven keine Singularitäten zeigen) nicht angängig ist. Damit dürfte eine alte Streitfrage in der Literatur, insbesondere die zwischen Hosemann und Kratky zugunsten des zuletzgenannten, entschieden sein.Eine Auswertung der Aufnahme auf Basis des von Kratky und Porod für Cellulose fasern theoretisch untersuchten Modellsystems der Lamellenpakete ergibt eine mittlere Periode (Lamellenabstand) von 30-40 Å für die lufttrockenen und eine von 50-75 Å für die in Wasser gequollenen Fasern (110 Å für gequollene Ramie).Die Kratky-Porodsche Theorie zeigt klar, daß relativ geringe Änderungen in der mittleren Schwankung der Vorhandenen Periodizität bestimmen, ob die Intensitätskurven Singularitäten, wie Maxima und Biegepunkte, oder bloß einen monoton absteigenden Verlauf zeigen werden. Die beobachteten bedeutenden qualitativen Unterschiede in den Streukurven verschiedener Reyonarten könnten darnach auf relativ geringfügige Unterschiede in der Regelmäßigkeit ihrer Superstruktur zurückgeführt werden.Durch milde Säurebehandlung (heterogene Hydrolyse) kann die Regelmäßigkeit der Superstruktur der Reyonfasern parallel mit der dabei bekanntlich auftretenden Verbesserung der Kristallinität erhöht werden und werden bei einigen Fasern außerordentlich scharfe Kleinwinkelmaxima erhalten.Die Erscheinungen deuten darauf hin, daß die in den Cellulosefasern in der Form Kristalliner Bereiche vorliegenden lokalen Verdichtungen nicht nur eine überraschende Gleichmäßigkeit in der Größe und Anordnung aufweisen, sondern auch ziemlich scharf begrenzt sein müssen und daß nicht etwa - wie oft diskutiert - ganz verschwommene Übergänge zwischen kristalliner und nicht-kristalliner Substanz vorliegen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The small angle scattering of ramie and of 25 highly oriented rayon samples of widely different prehistory has been examined in both the air-dry and the water-swollen condition with monochromatic radiation in a vacuum camera. All intensity curves are given. For some rayons the curves show distinct maxima or inflection points in either the swollen or the dry condition which seem to be indicative of the existence of a maximum of relatively low intensity superimposed on a normally descending small angle intensity curve. The Bragg spacing corresponding to these maxima lies close to 80 A. for the swollen and to 50 A. for the dry fibers. Other specimens either do not show these superimposed maxima or show only faint indications of their occurrence. The existence of maxima (particularly pronounced in Fortisan, Fiber G, Super Cordura, and Celanese K 36) seems to demonstrate that in some rayons a part of the fiber substance has a micellar structure of unexpectedly high regularity and with average interparticle distances given by the Bragg spacings indicated. The intensity curves of those swollen specimens which did not exhibit a maximum, when evaluated by the Guinier method for dilute systems, assuming parallel cylinders as the basic structure, yield figures between 35-55 A. for the diameter of the cylinders. Evaluation of the intensity curves according to an approximation suggested by Kratky (based on the picture of closely packed lamellae) points to the existence of a preferred spacing of the same order of magnitude (∼40 A.) for the dry and of ∼60 A. for the swollen fibers. No clear correlation between small angle scattering features and other known properties of the rayons has been detected.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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