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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain Microvascular and Astrocyte Localization of P-Glycoprotein (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 68 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The hypothesis that P-glycoprotein plays a functional role at the brain capillary endothelium, which makes up the blood-brain barrier in vivo, is based largely on immunocytochemical studies showing immunoreactive P-glycoprotein localized to either isolated brain microvessels or microvessels within tissue sections. The present studies use the MRK16 monoclonal antibody to human P-glycoprotein to demonstrate that the pattern of immunolocalization of P-glycoprotein in microvessels of human or primate brain is similar to the pattern of immunolocalization of an astrocyte protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein. In contrast, the discontinuous staining pattern of MRK16 is not colocalized with the continuous immunostaining of the brain endothelial GLUT1 glucose transporter. The MRK16 antibody was radiolabeled with [125I]-iodine, and 125I-MRK16 avidly bound isolated human brain capillaries via a saturable mechanism. However, the 125I-MRK16 antibody was not taken up by primate brain capillaries in vivo following intravenous injection. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence that P-glycoprotein does not play a functional role at the luminal membrane of the brain capillary endothelium in vivo, and that a principal site of immunoreactive P-glycoprotein in brain microvasculature is localized to astrocyte foot processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68031278.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Receiver with optical thyristors operating at 155 Mbit/s with 3 femto-Joule optical inputs (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 70 (1997), S. 750-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A receiver for digital optical inputs is presented which is based on a differential pair of optical thyristors. Modification of the conventional differential pair allows the electrical readout of its ON and OFF states. Optical input pulses with an energy of about 3 femto-Joule (at a wavelength of 830 nm) are sufficiently large for detection. In its present size, the receiver works up to 155 Mbit/s. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.118269
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Marijuana use and treatment outcome among opioid-dependent patients (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing Limited
    Addiction 93 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. Information concerning the association between marijuana use and opioid dependence and its treatment is needed to determine effective clinical guidelines for addressing marijuana use among opioid abusers . Setting and participants. Marijuana use was assessed in 107 people enrolled in treatment for opioid dependence . Design and measurement. Univariate comparisons of marijuana users and non-users and multivariate regression analyses were performed to examine associations between marijuana use and socio-demographic, psychosocial, medical and substance-use variables. The relationship between marijuana use and treatment outcome was also explored in a subset of this sample who received treatment that included buprenorphine detoxification and behavior therapy (N = 79 ). Findings. Sixty-six per cent of participants were current marijuana users and almost all (94%) continued to use during treatment. Users were less likely to be married than non-users, and more likely to report financial difficulties, be involved in drug dealing and engage in sharing of needles ( p 0.05). A unique effect of marijuana use on drug dealing and sharing needles was retained after statistically controlling for the influence of heroin and alcohol use and other socio-demographic variables. No significant adverse relations were observed between marijuana use and treatment outcome. Conclusion. Pending a more comprehensive understanding of the function and consequences of marijuana use on psychosocial functioning, it appears that progress in treatment for opioid dependence can be made without mandating that patients abstain from marijuana use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9344935.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polydrug abuse in heroin addicts: a behavioral economic analysis (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing Limited
    Addiction 93 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A bstract A im . To assess how price and income affect hypothetical drug-purchasing decisions of polydrug abusers undergoing treatment for heroin addiction . Participants, design and setting. Forty subjects participated in experiments in which they hypothetically "purchased" drugs as price or income varied . Intervention. Experiment 1 examined effects of heroin price on purchases of heroin, valium, cocaine, marijuana and alcohol. Experiment 2 examined the effects of both heroin and valium prices on purchases of these drugs. In both these experiments, income remained constant. Experiment 3 examined the effects of increasing income on drug choices, with drug prices constant . Findings. As price of heroin rose in Experiment 1, heroin purchases decreased. Reductions in heroin purchases were proportionally less than price increases, demonstrating inelastic demand for heroin. Valium and cocaine purchases increased as heroin price rose, and cross-price elasticity coefficients indicated that these drugs substituted for heroin. In Experiment 2, demand for both heroin and valium was inelastic. Valium substituted for heroin, but heroin purchases were independent of valium prices, suggesting an asymmetrical substitution effect. Marijuana and alcohol purchases were independent of valium price, but both these drugs substituted for heroin. In Experiment 3 demand for heroin and cocaine was income elastic, with purchases rising in greater proportion than income. Marijuana, alcohol and valium purchases did not vary with income, demonstrating that demand for these drugs was income inelastic. Hypothetical choices were reliable both between and within subjects. Moreover, drug choices in this hypothetical situation were correlated with urinalysis results, demonstrating initial validity of this methodology . C onclusions. This methodology may be useful for understanding the phenomenon of polydrug abuse .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9333212.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Vivo Cleavability of a Disulfide-Based Chimeric Opioid Peptide in Rat Brain (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Bioconjugate chemistry 6 (1995), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4812
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00032a009
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstinence and price effects on demand for cigarettes: a behavioral-economic analysis (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Ltd.
    Addiction 94 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To examine the separate and combined effects of cigarette pricing and cigarette abstinence on smoking. Design. Within-subject design in which participants experienced all levels of price and abstinence conditions. Setting. Laboratory conditions. Participants. Nine human cigarette smokers. Intervention. Cigarette prices were manipulated across a 60-fold range (US$0.02-$1.20) in separate abstinent (5+ hours of non-smoking) and non-abstinent conditions. Participants earned money by pulling a response plunger (US$0.10 per 100 pulls) and could either keep the money or spend it on cigarette puffs. Measurements. Total response output, cigarette consumption, price elasticity of demand and spending patterns. Findings. Participants spent their earnings on cigarette puffs more quickly when abstinent than when they had smoked ad libitum before the session, and latency to spend money on puffs was a linear increasing function of price. Effects of abstinence on rates of smoking were a function of the price at which cigarette puffs could be purchased. At low prices participants smoked more puffs per session when abstinent, but this difference was negligible at high puff prices. Abstinence and non-abstinence effects were temporary, and tended to wane in the second 90 minutes of the sessions. During the first half of the sessions, demand for cigarettes was more inelastic during the abstinent condition than the non-abstinent condition, indicating relative insensitivity to price increases when abstinent. Conclusions. Behavioral-economic procedures and measures are sensitive to cigarette-abstinence manipulations and the laboratory methods employed here may prove beneficial in evaluating the probable effects of public-policy initiatives designed to reduce cigarette use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94457712.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shortened time horizons and insensitivity to future consequences in heroin addicts (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing Limited
    Addiction 93 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To investigate whether heroin addicts demonstrate shortened time horizons and decreased sensitivity to future consequences of their behavior compared to non-drug users . Design Setting and Participants. Thirty-four heroin addicts enrolled in a buprenorphine treatment clinic and 59 non-drug-using controls completed a personality questionnaire and two laboratory tasks . Measurements. The Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI) personality questionnaire assessed orientation to the future, and the Future Time Perspective (FTP) task elicited predictions of the timing and ordering of future events. The Bechara card task measured preferences for decks of cards that range in magnitude and probability of delayed and immediate rewards and punishers . Findings. Heroin addicts scored significantly lower than controls on the STPI scale indicative of future orientation. In the FTP, heroin addicts were less likely to predict events far into the future and less likely to systematically organize events in the future. In the card task, heroin addicts were less likely to win money than controls. They were more likely to play from a deck that contained greater immediate gains but that resulted in large, delayed punishers and overall net losses. They also made fewer selections from a deck that provided an overall net gain via relatively low immediate rewards and frequent small punishments . Conclusions. Shortened time horizons and decreased sensitivity to delayed consequences may explain drug abusers' persistent use of drugs, despite the long-term negative consequences associated with drug use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9357298.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning of cell-specific secreted and surface proteins by subtractive antibody screening (1998)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 16 (1998), S. 581-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] To identify and clone genes that encode cell- or tissue-specific secreted and surface proteins, a polyclonal antiserum was raised against a complex mixture of surface or secreted proteins from the target cell, followed by immunodepletion of antibodies that recognize proteins from a nontarget cell ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0698-581
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A detergent-insoluble membrance compartment contains Aβ in vivo (1998)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 4 (1998), S. 730-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Ordered assembly of the amyloid-β protein (Aβ) into amyloid fibrils is a critical step in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To release the amyloidogenic peptide Aβ from the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP), two secretases act sequentially: first, β-secretase cleaves close to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0698-730
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  • 10
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    Opportunities, Costs, and High School Completion in West Virginia: A Replication of Florida Research (1995)
    Bloomington, Ill. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Educational Research. 88:6 (1995:July/Aug.) 363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-0671
    Topics: Education
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:1123-1995-088-06-000005
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