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Notizen: Abstract In order to study the specificity for contraluminal para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport, the inhibitory potency of aliphatic dicarboxylates on3H-PAH influx, as well as the inhibitory effect on35SO 4 2− - and3H-succinate influx, from the interstitium into cortical tubular cells in situ has been determined. The following was found: 1. Testing a homologous series of dicarboxylates-ranging from the 2 C oxalate to the 10 C sebacate — PAH transport was inhibited by succinate (app.K i 1.35 mmol/l), and all longer dicarboxylates, with high potency (app.K i 0.05–0.35 mmol/l). Sulfate transport was inhibited only by oxalate (app.K i 1.1 mmol/l), while dicarboxylate transport was inhibited by succinate, glutarate, adipate and pimelate with decreasing potency (app.K i 0.04, 0.24, 0.91, 4.0 mmol/l, respectively). 2. PAH transport was inhibited by succinate and glutarate with high potency (app.K i 1.35 and 0.05 mmol/l), by the correspondent monomethylester to a lesser extent (app.K i 1.7 and 0.74 mmol/l), but not by the dimethylester. On the other hand, the semialdehyde of succinate with aK i-value of 1.2 mmol/l, had the same inhibitory potency as succinate itself, while the dialdehyde of glutarate (app.K i 1.4 mmol/l) was much less potent as glutarate. 3. Introduction of an oxo-, methyl- or sulfhydroxylgroup onto the 2-position of succinate, or of an oxo-group onto the 2-position of glutarate moderately augmented the inhibitory potency against PAH-uptake. However, introduction of a 2-hydroxy group onto succinate or glutarate in thel-position reduced the inhibitory potency more than in thed-position. Introduction of two methyl-, sulfhydryl- or hydroxyl-groups in the 2–3-position of succinate reduced or abolished its inhibitory potency. The introduction of a 2-amino group onto succinate or glutarate abolished its effect on PAH transport. However, N-acetylation or N-benzoylation led to a restitution in inhibitory potency. 4. The trans-isomers fumarate and mesaconate inhibited PAH- and methylsuccinate transport, while the cis-isomers maleate and citraconate did so to a lesser extent or not at all. The effect was reversed with the tricarboxylic aconitates, because cis-aconitate bears a CH2-extended COOH-group in trans-position and trans-aconitate in cis-position. The data indicate that there exist three different anion transport systems at the contraluminal cell side of the proximal renal tubule: 1. a sulfate-oxalate transporter, 2. a sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter, and 3. a paraaminohippurate transporter. The PAH transport system accepts dicarboxylates with chain length higher than 7.5 Å (=distance between the terminal oxygen atoms), while the dicarboxylate transport interacts with dicarboxylates with a chain length between 6.5 and 10 Å. Both transport systems prefer the transconfiguration. The effect of side groups on the interaction of dicarboxylates with the PAH-transport system is due mainly to hydrophobicity and electron configuration.

Notizen: Abstract In order to test what chemical structure is required for a substrate to interact not only with the contraluminal organic anion (p-aminohippurate, PAH) transporter, but also with the organic cation (N 1-methylnicotinamide, NMeN, or tetraethylammonium, TEA) transporter, the stop-flow peritubular capillary perfusion method was applied and app. K i values were evaluated. Zwitterionic hydrophobic dipeptides not only interact with PAH but also with NMeN transport although with lower inhibitory potency (K i,PAH=0.2–1.4; K i,NMeN 614 mmol/l). Amongst the zwitterionic cephalosporins, which all inhibit PAH transport, the amino cephalosporin analogue cefadroxil was identified to interact also with NMeN transport (K i,PAH = 3.0, K i,NMeN=11.2 mmol/l). All Zwitterionic naphthyridine and oxochinoline gyrase inhibitors tested inhibit NMeN transport with app. K i,NMeN values between 1.2 mmol/l and 4.7 mmol/l; the naphthyridine analogues show a good inhibitory potency against PAH transport (K i,PAH ≈ 0.4 mmol/l), the piperazine-containing quinolone analogues have a moderate inhibitory potency (K i,PAH=1.1–2.5 mmol/l) and the piperazine-containing pipemidic acid did not inhibit PAH transport at all. Zwitterionic thiazolidine carboxylate phosphamides also interact with both transporters (app. K i,PAH ≈ 3.0; app. K i,NMeN ≈ 18.0 mmol/l). The nonionizable oxo- and hydroxy-group-containing corticosteroid hormones also interact with the two transporters. (a) An OH group in position 21 is necessary for interaction with the PAH transporter, but not for interaction with the TEA transporter. (b) Introduction of an OH group in position 17α abolishes interaction with the TEA transporter, but has different effects with the PAH transporter. (c) Introduction of an OH group in position 6 abolishes interaction with both, the PAH and the TEA transporter. (d) A change of the side-group in position 11 of corticosterone from -OH to -H to=O enhances interaction with the PAH transporter but has no effect on the interaction with the TEA transporter. Nonionizable 4- or 5-androstene analogues inhibit both transporters with app. K i between 0.16 mmol/l and 0.64 mmol/l, if the steroids are soluble in a concentration greater than 1 mmol/l. Nonionizable oxazaphosphorins with more than one chloroethyl group interact with the PAH transporter with app. K i between 0.84mmol/l and 4.9mmol/l and with the NMeN transporter with app. K i between 3.2 mmol/l and 18.7 mmol/l. Thus a substrate interacts with both transporters if it is sufficiently hydrophobic, possesses acidic and/or electron-attracting plus basic and/or electron-donating groups, or possesses several electron-attracting nonionizable groups (O, OH, Cl). A certain spatial arrangement of the interacting groups seems to be necessary.

Notizen: Abstract Using the stop-flow peritubular capillary microperfusion method contraluminal transport of corticosteroids was investigated (a) by determining the inhibitory potency (apparent K i values) of these compounds against p-aminohippurate (PAH), dicarboxylate (succinate) and sulphate transport and (b) by measuring the transport rate of radiolabelled corticosteroids and its inhibition by probenecid. Progesterone did not inhibit contraluminal PAH influx but its 17α- and 6β-hydroxy derivatives inhibited with an app. Ki of 0.36 mmol/l. Introduction of an OH group in position 21 of progesterone, to yield 11-deoxycorticosterone, augments the inhibitory potency considerably (app. K i, PAH of 0.07 mmol/l). Acetylation of the OH-group in position 21 of 11deoxycorticosterone, introduction of an additional hydroxy group in position 17 α to yield 11-deoxycortisol or in position 11 to yield corticosterone brings the app. K i, PAH back again into the range of 0.2–0.4 mmol/l. Acetylation of corticosterone or introduction of a third OH group to yield cortisol does not change the inhibitory potency, but, omission of the 21-OH group or addition of an OH group in the 6β position reduces or abolishes it. Cortisol and its derivatives prednisolone, dexamethasone and cortisone exert similar inhibitory potencies (app. K i, PAH 0.12–0.27 mmol/l). But again, omission of the 21-OH group in cortisone or addition of a 6β-OH group reduces or even abolishes the inhibitory potency against PAH transport. The interaction of corticosterone was not changed when 11β, 18-epoxy ring (aldosterone) was formed. On the other hand, the interaction was considerably augmented if the 11-hydroxy group was changed to an oxo group in 11-dehydrocorticosterone (app. K i, PAH 0.02 mmol/l). When the A ring of corticosterone is saturated and reduced to 3α, 11β-tetrahydrocorticosterone the inhibitory potency is not changed very much. But if more than four OH or oxo groups are on the pregnane skeleton or if the OH in position 21 is missing, the inhibitory potency decreases drastically (app. Ki, PAH 0.7–1.7 mmol/l). Introduction of a 21-ester sulphate into corticosterone, cortisol and cortisone does not change app. K i, PAH very much. Glucuronidation, however, reduces it (app. Ki, PAH ≈ 1.2 mmol/l). None of the tested corticosteroids interacts, in concentrations applicable, with dicarboxylate transport and only the sulphate esters interact with sulphate transport. Radiolabelled cortisol, d-aldosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, and corticosterone are rapidly transported into proximal tubular cells. With the latter three compounds no sign of saturation and no transport inhibition with probenecid could be seen. Only with cortisol was a shift toward saturation observed. In addition, cortisol transport could be inhibited by probenecid. The data indicate that corticosteroids interact with the contraluminal renal PAH transporter, whereby hydroxylation in position 21 augments, and hydroxylation in the 6β or 3α, 17β position reduces interaction. However, as tested so far, simple diffusion seems to prevail when corticosteroids cross the cell membrane. Sulphation makes corticosteroids also a substrate for the sulphate transporter.

Notizen: Abstract In order to study the characteristics of contraluminal para-aminohippurate transport into proximal tubular cells the stopped flow capillary perfusion method was applied. The disappearance of3H-paraaminohippurate from the capillary perfusate at different concentrations and contact times was measured and saturation type behaviour was found with aK m of 0.08±0.01 (SE) mmol/l,J max of 1.1±0.1 pmol·s−1·cm−1 andr, the final extracellular/intracellular distribution ratio of 0.93±0.03. Omission of Na+ from the capillary test perfusate caused a small reduction of contraluminal PAH uptake at small transport rates (0.1 mmol/l PAH in the test perfusate) but not at high transport rates (1.0 mmol/l PAH in the test perfusate). Change of K+ between 0 and 40 mmol/l and pH between 6.0 and 8.0 did not influence contraluminal PAH uptake. Isotonic replacement of chloride by gluconate, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, methanesulfonate or increase in bicarbonate to 50 mmol/l did not influence PAH uptake at small transport rates. But isotonic sulfate and phosphate, as well as 50 mmol/l HCO 3 − and 25 mmol/l Hepes in isotonic solutions reduced PAH uptake at high transport rates. Addition of 5 mmol/l Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, Cd2+ to isotonic Na+-gluconate solution did not influence PAH uptake except for Mg2+ and Mn2+ which inhibited uptake at small transport rates only. Preperfusion of the peritubular capillaries with rat serum, Na+ gluconate (Ca2+-+Mg2+-free), Na+ gluconate (Ca2+-+Mg2+-free) plus 10 mmol/l lactate or pyruvate or 0.1 mmol/l 2-oxoglutarate did not influence PAH uptake at small PAH transport rates, but inhibited at high transport rates. Preperfusion of the capillaries for 10 s with Na+-, Ca2+- and Mg2+-free solutions reduced PAH uptake in the presence of Na+ at both transport rates. A second 10 s preperfusion — after the first 10 s Na+-, Ca2+-, Mg2+-free preperfusion — with serum or solutions which contained Na+ and Ca2+ or Mg2+ restored the PAH fluxes to control values. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that contraluminal PAH uptake occurs by a saturable transport mechanism in exchange for other intracellular anions rather than in cotransport with Na+ ions. It was, however, not possible to identify the type of counteranions involved. The large effect of cation replacement on para-aminohippurate transport, which was reported in many previous studies with kidney slices, is not a direct effect on the para-aminohippurate transporter, but is rather caused indirectly via cell metabolism and/or changed ion gradients.