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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 7 (1993), S. 482-488 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Pain ; Postoperative ; Local anesthetic ; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to investigate whether local anesthesia of abdominal wall wounds prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy leads to decreased pain beyond the immediate postoperative period and thus improves the comfort of the patient. In a randomized, double-blind study 50 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were divided into two groups. In one group (n=25) the skin, subcutis, fascia, muscle, and preperitoneal space were infiltrated with 8 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% 5 min before each abdominal wall incision. The control group (n=25) received normal saline. The intensity of pain was assessed by a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and during movement and by the consumption of analgesics. Analgesic therapy was provided by on-demand analgesia with piritramid intravenously for 24 h and continued by ibuprofen orally on request. The mean intensity of pain at rest and during movement was lower but not statistically significant in patients who received bupivacaine compared to the control group up to the second postoperative day. The difference was between 4 and 9 VAS points and therefore of doubtful clinical relevance. Similar statistically nonsignificant results were found for the mean consumption of piritramid up to 16 h after the operation. Three patients (12%) in the bupivacaine group localized the most severe pain up to the second postoperative day to the right lower abdominal wall wound where the gallbladder had been extracted compared to 11 patients (44%) of the control group (P=0.012). These results indicate that bupivacaine was effective at the site where it was administered. However, preincisional local anesthesia of the abdominal wall wounds in laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not lead to a significant clinical benefit for the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 8 (1994), S. 90-96 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Pain ; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy ; Predictors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is postulated that laparoscopic cholecystectomy as “patient-friendly surgery” leads to more comfort and in particular to less pain. A prospective study on pain was performed on all patients undergoing the operation over the period of 1 year (n=382) out of a series of more than 1,000 patients who have undergone the operation in our clinic. Pain was measured by a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS), by a five-point verbal rating scale, and by the consumption of analgesics. Pain was the most frequent symptom, both before and after the operation. The mean level of pain was 37 VAS points 5 h after the operation and declined to 16 points on the third day. In 106 patients (27.8%) the intensity of pain was higher than 50 VAS points. Analgesics were used by 282 patients (73.8%), opioids by 112 (29.3%). Pain was significantly higher in female than male patients (P〈0.05), but consumption of analgesics was similar in both groups. The most severe pain was localized to the abdominal wall wounds by 157 (41.1%) and to the right upper abdomen by 138 patients (36.1%) on the first postoperative day. Patients who needed opioids and/or had a pain level of 〉50 VAS points (n=138) had higher preoperative pain levels (P=0.018) and preoperatively complained more frequently about nausea, vomiting, bloating, and a feeling of abdominal pressure (P=0.003–0.031). However, predictive values of these variables were too small to be of clinical benefit. The duration of operation, intraoperative events (loss of bile, blood, or gallstones), and additional laparoscopic procedures (adhesiolysis, lavage, extension of an incision, suture of fascia) did not influence the intensity of postoperative pain. We conclude that laparoscopic cholecystectomy did cause significant postoperative pain in one-third of our patients only up to the first postoperative day. As predictors for high intensity of pain were not identified, pain should be monitored and analgesics should be delivered liberally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 34 (1997), S. 426-431 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Trauma ; scoring systems ; APACHE ; mortality prediction ; quality control ; Schlüsselwörter Trauma ; Scores ; APACHE ; Mortalität ; Prognose ; Qualitätskontrolle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der APACHE II Score wird häufig als Methode zur Schweregradklassifikation und Prognosestellung bei Intensivpatienten genutzt. Der Vergleich mit der tatsächlich beobachteten Mortalität erlaubt eine Qualitätskontrolle im Sinne eines Soll-Ist-Vergleichs. Intensivpflichtige Traumapatienten zeigten in einer prospektiven Beobachtungsstudie eine höhere Mortalität als die Prognose nach APACHE II erwarten ließ. Eine Überprüfung der Prognose anhand trauma-spezifischer Score-Systeme sollte die Eignung des APACHE II Scores bei Traumapatienten prüfen. Methode: Aus einer vollständigen Erfassung aller Intensivpatienten während eines 18-Monats-Zeitraums wurden die Traumapatienten identifiziert. Eine Durchsicht der Krankenakten sowie der prospektiven Notarztprotokolle ermöglichte die Bestimmung des Injury Severity Scores (ISS), des Revised Trauma Scores (RTS) sowie des TRISS. Ergebnisse: Von 938 Intensivpatienten wurden 91 als Traumapatienten (9,4%) identifiziert. Von diesen sind 11 verstorben (12,1%). Der APACHE II Score für diese Patienten war im Mittel 10,0 Punkte, was einer Prognose von 7,1% entspricht. Die Prognosen (ROD, risk of death) der trauma-spezifischen Scores lagen durchweg höher: ISS = 26,3 Punkte (RODISS = 20%), RTS = 6,38 Punkte (RODRTS = 6 – 13%) und TRISS = 0,.78 (RODTRISS = 22%). Subgruppenanalysen zeigen, daß insbesondere bei älteren Patienten und Patienten mit einem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma die Prognosen nach APACHE deutlich unter der tatsächlichen Mortalitätsrate als auch der auf TRISS basierenden Prognose liegen. Schlußfolgerung: Der APACHE II Score unterschätzt systematisch das Mortalitätsrisiko bei intensivpflichtigen Traumapatienten. Die Prognoseaussage sollte daher nicht ohne gleichzeitige Betrachtung trauma-spezifischer Scores interpretiert werden.
    Notes: Summary Introduction: The APACHE II score is a well-known measure of illness severity and is widely used for patient classification and outcome prediction in critically ill patients. Since 1993, the surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in Cologne-Merheim uses the APACHE II score for assessment of quality of care by comparing actual versus predicted mortality. The subgroup of trauma patients was identified as showing higher mortality rates than expected from scoring. A comparison with trauma-specific score systems can prove the appropriateness of the APACHE II score in trauma patients. Methods: All trauma patients in the surgical intensive care unit within an 18 months period were identified. All patients had a routine prospective APACHE II assessment. Hospital records and pre-hospital emergency physician protocols for all trauma patients were reviewed and trauma-specific prognostic scores (ISS, RTS, TRISS) were calculated. Subgroup analyses (head injury; severity of trauma; age) were performed. Results: Among 938 patients treated in the surgical ICU, 91 trauma patients were identified; 11 of them died (12.1%). The mean APACHE II score at ICU entry for this group was 10.0, which corresponds to an estimated 7.1% risk of death (RODAPACHE). The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) is, thus, 1.70. Trauma-specific scoring systems reveal higher risk of death estimates: mean ISS = 26.3 (RODISS = 20%), mean RTS = 6.38 (RODRTS = 6 – 13%), and mean TRISS = 0.78 (RODTRISS = 22%). Subgroup analysis shows under-estimation of ROD by APACHE II in elderly patients and patients with head injuries. Conclusion: The results of APACHE II score assessment in the group of trauma patients should be interpreted carefully since the actual risk of death is under-estimated. A parallel assessment of trauma-specific scoring systems like TRISS should always accompany risk of death estimates in these type of patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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