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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ramifications of adrenergic nerve terminals in the rectum, anal sphincter and anal accessory muscles of the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 109-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Anal sphincter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy and the adrenergic innervation of the rectum, internal anal sphincter and of accessory structures are described for the guinea-pig. The distribution of adrenergic nerves was examined using the fluorescence histochemical technique applied to both sections and whole mount preparations. The longitudinal and circular muscle of the rectum and the muscularis mucosae are all supplied by adrenergic nerve terminals. The density of the adrenergic innervation of the muscularis externa increases towards the anal sphincter. There is a very dense innervation of the internal anal sphincter, of the anal accessory muscles and of the corrugator ani. Non-fluorescent neurons in the ganglia of the myenteric plexus are supplied by adrenergic terminals. The ganglia become smaller and sparser towards the internal anal sphincter and non-ganglionated nerve strands containing adrenergic axons run from the plexus to the sphincter muscle. Adrenergic fibers innervate two interconnected ganglionated plexuses in the submucosa. Very few adrenergic nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus and they were not found at all in the submucosa. The extrinsic arteries and veins of the pelvic region are heavily innervated by adrenergic nerves. Within the gut wall the arteries are densely innervated but there is little or no innervation of the veins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520721
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origins of the adrenergic fibres which innervate the internal anal sphincter, the rectum, and other tissues of the pelvic region in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Pelvic viscera ; Gastrointestinal tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the pelvic viscera was examined by the fluorescence histochemical technique, applied to tissue from untreated guinea-pigs and from guinea-pigs in which nerve pathways had been interrupted at operation. It was found that adrenergic neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglia give rise to axons which run in the colonic nerves and end in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and around the arteries of the distal colon. In the rectum, part of the innervation of the myenteric plexus and all of the innervation of the submucous plexus comes from the inferior mesenteric ganglia. The rest of the adrenergic innervation of the myenteric plexus comes from the posterior pelvic ganglia or the sacral sympathetic chains. The innervation of the blood vessels of the rectum is from the posterior pelvic ganglia. Adrenergic nerves run from the sacral sympathetic chains and pass via nerves accompanying the rectal arteries to the internal anal sphincter. Other adrenergic fibres to the internal anal sphincter either arise in, or pass through, the posterior pelvic plexuses. The anal accessory muscle is innervated by adrenergic axons arising in the posterior pelvic plexuses. Adrenergic nerves which run in the pudendal nerves, probably from the sacral sympathetic chains, innervate the erectile tissue of the penis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520326
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the anatomy and amine histochemistry of the nerves and ganglia which supply the pelvic viscera and on the associated chromaffin tissue in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 85-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Chromaffin cells ; Pelvic viscera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organs of the lower abdominal and pelvic regions of the guinea-pig receive nerves from the inferior mesenteric ganglia and pelvic plexuses. The inferior mesenteric ganglia connect with the sympathetic chains, the superior mesenteric ganglia, the pelvic plexuses via the hypogastric nerves, and with the gut. Each pelvic plexus consists of anterior and posterior parts which send filaments to the internal generative organs and to the rectum, internal anal sphincter and other pelvic organs. The pelvic nerves enter the posterior plexuses, which also receive rami from the sacral sympathetic chains. The adrenergic neurons of the pelvic plexuses are monopolar, do not have dendrites and are supplied by few varicose adrenergic axons. Nearly all the nerves contain adrenergic fibres. After exposure to formaldehyde vapour the chromaffin cells appear brightly fluorescent with one or two long, often varicose, processes. Most of the chromaffin cells are in Zuckerkandl's organ or in chromaffin bodies associated with the inferior mesenteric ganglia. Groups of chromaffin cells are found along the hypogastric nerves and in the pelvic plexuses; they become smaller and fewer as regions more posterior to Zuckerkandl's organ are approached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520720
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and distribution of intrinsic adrenergic neurones in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 346-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Enteric ganglia ; Sympathetic denervation ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescence histochemical method has been used to examine the adrenergic innervation of the proximal colon of the guinea-pig. Previous investigations have shown that the adrenergic fibres of the gastrointestinal tract arise from extrinsic ganglia. However, in this work it is shown that adrenergic nerve cells are found in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon and that these cells provide varicose terminals about ganglion cells in the nodes of the plexus. About 75% of the nodes of the myenteric plexus in the proximal colon contain adrenergic cells. A few cells are also observed along the internodal strands. The cells have a cytoplasmic fluorescence, which is of different intensity in different cells, but there is no fluorescence of the nucleus. Processes can be traced from most cells and in some cases these are seen to become varicose. Interruption of extrinsic nerve pathways to the intestine causes a disappearance of the fluorescence reaction of the adrenergic terminals in the ileum, most of the distal colon and in the submucosal and perivascular plexuses of the proximal colon. In contrast, about 60% of the adrenergic terminals in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon survive extrinsic denervation. From cell counts, it is estimated there are about 10000 adrenergic cells in the proximal colon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324897
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innervation of the large arteries and heart of the toad (Bufo marinus) by adrenergic and peptide-containing neurons (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Perivascular nerves ; Cardiac innervation ; Neuropeptides ; Neuropeptide Y ; Substance P ; Adrenergic nerves ; Amphibia, Anura (Bufo marinus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the major arteries and heart of the toad (Bufo marinus) was examined by use of glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and peptide immunohistochemistry. All arteries possessed a moderate to dense plexus of adrenergic axons, which also showed neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI). Some adrenergic axons in the intracardiac vagal trunks showed NPY-LI, but the varicose adrenergic axons innervating the cardiac muscle of the atria and ventricle, and the coronary blood vessels did not display NPY-LI. About half of the nerve cell bodies in the anterior sympathetic chain ganglia with dopamine-β-hydroxylase-LI (DBH-LI) also contained NPY-LI. The nerve cell bodies with DBH-LI alone were generally larger (median diameter 30 μm) than those with both DBH-LI and NPY-LI (median diameter 20 μm). Some cell bodies showing DBH-LI alone were surrounded by boutons with NPY-LI but not DBH-LI. Axons that displayed simultaneously both substance P-LI (SP-LI) and calcitonin gene-related peptide-LI (CGRP-LI) also formed a plexus around all arteries studied, being particularly dense around the mesenteric and pulmonary arteries. These axons are most likely sensory since SP-LI was reduced by capsaicin treatment, and nerve cell bodies with both SP-LI and CGRP-LI were found in dorsal root ganglia and the vagal ganglion. A dense plexus of axons showing somatostatin-LI was located around the pulmonary artery and its main intrapulmonary branches. A few nerves with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-LI were found around the dorsal aorta and pulmonary artery. No perivascular nerves with enkephalin-LI were observed. Reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography of acid extracts of the large arteries showed that the major peaks of NPY-LI and SP-LI coeluted with porcine NPY (1–36) and synthetic SP (1–11), respectively. Thus, the location and structure of these peptides in perivascular nerves has been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221866
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