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  • thermodynamics  (2)
  • Agropyron  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Borates ; thermodynamics ; electrolytes ; Harned cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Potentials for the cell without liquid juction $$H_2 ,Pt|B(OH)_3 (m_1 ),NaB(OH)_4 (m_2 ),MCl_2 (m_3 )|AgCl,Ag$$ with M=Ca2+ or Mg2+ are reported over a range of ionic strength at 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55°C. Parameters of Pitzer's ion interaction treatment are determined for Ca(B(OH)4)2 and Mg(B(OH)4)2 by fitting to the cell results. Apparent association of alkaline earth borates to form the monovalent species CaB(OH) 4 + and MgB(OH) 4 + makes it necessary to use the extended β(2) form of the ion interaction treatment to represent the potentials reported here. Trace activity coefficients of calcium and magnesium borates are tabulated at various temperatures and ionic strengths. The association constants for ion pair formation implied by the values of β(2) for these salts are compared with ion pair formation constants available in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Borates ; aqueous ; thermodynamics ; electrolytes ; Harned cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Potentials for the cell without liquid junction $$H_2 ,Pt\backslash B(OH)_3 (m_1 ), MB(OH)_4 (m_2 ), MCl(m_3 )\backslash AgClAg$$ where M is sodium or potassium are reported over a range of ionic strength to I=3 mol-kg−1 at 5 to 55°C. Total boron concentration in the solutions was restricted to low levels to minimize formation of polynuclear boron species. Cell potentials are treated with the Pitzer ion interaction treatment for mixed electrolytes, with linear ionic strength dependence assumed for the activity coefficient of undissociated boric acid. Trace activity coefficients of sodium and potassium borates in chloride media are calculated at various temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Soil moisture ; Water balance ; Leaf water potentials ; Defoliatlon ; Agropyron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Few field studies have attempted to relate effects of actual livestock grazing on soil and plant water status. The present study was initiated to determine the effects of periodic defoliations by cattle during spring on soil moisture and plant water status in a crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.) pasture in central Utah. Soil moisture in the top 130 cm of the soil profile was depleted more rapidly in ungrazed plots than in grazed plots during spring and early summer. Soil moisture depletion was more rapid in grazed plots in one paddock after 1 July due to differential regrowth, but there was no difference in soil water depletion between plots in another paddock during the same period. This difference in soil water depletion between paddocks was related to a difference in date of grazing. Although more water had been extracted from the 60 cm to 130 cm depths in ungrazed plots by late September, cumulative soil moisture depletion over the entire 193 cm profile was similar in grazed and ungrazed plots. Prior to 1 July, grazing had no effect on predawn leaf water potentials as estimated by a pressure chamber technique; however, after 1 July, predawn leaf water potentials were lower for ungrazed plants. Midday leaf water potentials were lower for grazed plants before 1 July, but did not differ between grazed and ungrazed plants after 1 July. A 4- to 8-day difference in date of defoliation did not affect either predawn or midday leaf water potentials. The observed differences in water use patterns during spring and early-summer may be important in influencing growth and competitive interactions in crested wheatgrass communities that are subject to grazing by domestic livestock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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