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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral economics of drug self-administration (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 107 (1992), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral economics ; Drug self-administration ; Reinforcer interactions ; Concurrent reinforcers ; Cigarette smoking ; Coffee drinking ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In behavioral economics, consumption of a reinforcer is determined by its price and by the price of other available reinforcers. This study examined the effects of price manipulations on the consumption of concurrently available coffee and cigarettes. During fifteen 4-h sessions, coffee and cigarettes were concurrently available according to fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement. After consumption stabilized under a fixed ratio 100 for both reinforcers, the response requirement for each reinforcer was varied separately (i.e., FR 100, 1000 and 2500), while the response requirement for the other reinforcer was kept at 100. Increasing the FR value decreased coffee and cigarette consumption to a similar degree. Also, as the price for cigarettes increased (and consumption decreased), coffee consumption decreased; however, as the price of coffee increased, cigarette consumption did not change. These results indicate that for this setting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes and coffee were comparable but interacted asymmetrically. These findings when analyzed and quantified via economic concepts of own-price and cross-price elasticity illustrate the viability of using behavioral economics to examine drug self-administration in a choice paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245139
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparing the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine containing and de-nicotinized cigarettes: a behavioral economic analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 147 (1999), S. 210-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Nicotine ; De-nicotinized cigarette ; Conditioned reinforcement ; Reinforcer efficacy ; Progressive ratio ; Behavioral economics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Smoking-related respiratory stimuli produced by de-nicotinized cigarettes may function as conditioned reinforcers, but behavioral data on such reinforcing effects are limited. Objectives: The present experiment compared the reinforcing efficacy of cigarettes that provided only smoking-related stimuli (de-nicotinized cigarettes) and cigarettes that provided both smoking-related stimuli and nicotine. Methods: Eight human subjects responded on a progressive-ratio schedule in which the number of plunger pulls required for standardized cigarette puffs increased across sessions. In one phase, the breakpoints, number of puffs earned per session, peak response rates, ratio producing peak response rates, and the elasticity of demand for cigarette puffs were compared for nicotine-containing and de-nicotinized cigarettes when each cigarette type was the only one available. In another phase, subjects chose between the two cigarette types at some of the prices examined in the previous phase. Results: Nicotine-containing and de-nicotinized cigarettes produced similar measures of reinforcing efficacy when each was presented alone, but there was a strong preference for nicotine-containing cigarettes when subjects were given a choice. Conclusions: These data support suggestions that smoking-produced sensory stimuli may function as conditioned reinforcers and that the relative reinforcing efficacy of cigarettes is determined by the combined effects of the nicotine/conditioned reinforcing complex provided by smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130051162
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The behavioral economics of concurrent drug reinforcers: a review and reanalysis of drug self-administration research (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 118 (1995), S. 250-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral economics ; Caffeinated coffee ; Cocaine ; Complements ; Concurrent schedules of reinforcement ; Cross-price elasticity ; Ethanol ; Etonitazene ; Drug self-administration ; Heroin ; Food ; Methadone ; Morphine ; Nicotine cigarettes ; Pentobarbital ; Phencyclidine ; Reinforcer interactions ; Substitutes ; Sucrose ; Water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In economics, goods can function as substitutes, complements, or be independent of one another. These concepts refer to increases, decreases, or no change in the consumption of one item as the price of a second item increases. This review examined whether these economic terms can be used to describe relationships between concurrently available reinforcers in drug self-administration research. Sixteen drug self-administration studies that examined the effects of concurrent reinforcers were identified through a MEDLINE search. Across these studies, the following substances were employed: caffeinated coffee, cocaine, etonitazene, ethanol, heroin, food, methadone, morphine, nicotine cigarettes, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, sucrose and water. These studies were reanalyzed and the results were shown to be consistent with these economic notions. These analyses also showed that relationships among the concurrently available reinforcers were reliable within and across studies, that concurrently available reinforcers can affect each other asymmetrically, and that the relative price may determine the magnitude of effect for substitutes. These findings suggest that these economic concepts may be useful in characterizing the type and magnitude of interactions between concurrently available reinforcers and may suggest potential mechanisms that determine these relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245952
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral economics of drug self-administration (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine regulation ; Behavioral economics ; Microeconomics ; drug selfadministration ; Cigarette smoking ; Unit price ; Demand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The maintenance of a characteristic level of nicotine in a smoker's body is referred to as nicotine regulation. Considerable research has examined this question of whether smokers regulate nicotine intake. This is because nicotine regulation raises the question of whether smokers who, to decrease their intake of tar, switch to low tar/low nicotine cigarettes will increase the number and/or intensity of cigarettes smoked. Although the results of studies examining nicotine regulation are reported as generally consistent, considerable variability exists across these analyses such that the health hazards of smoking low tar/nicotine cigarettes remains uncertain. In the present analysis, these studies were analyzed to ascertain whether a behavioral-economic interpretation could better quantify the effects of changing nicotine yield on individuals' nicotine and smoke consumption. Specifically, 17 nicotine-regulation studies were reanalyzed using a unit-price analysis (i.e., cost-benefit analysis). The reanalysis showed less variability across regulation studies than previously reported; a positively-decelerating demand curve was found across most studies, consistent with previous unitprice analyses of food- and drug-maintained behavior. The benefits of this reanalysis versus the traditional regulation interpretation are that the behavioral economics approach: 1) brings unity to a variable set of data, 2) shows a nonlinear relationship, previously considered to be linear, between nicotine consumption and nicotine yield, 3) shows that nicotine yields higher, and not lower, than the smoker's usual brand decrease smoke consumption and thus decreases consumption of the harmful agents in tobacco, 4) better quantifies the data and provides a more parsimonious interpretation that generalizes to other drugs and food-maintained behavior in humans and nonhumans and, 5) integrates behavioral and pharmacological factors that control the consumption of reinforcers. These results suggest the value of behavioral economics in the study of consumptive behaviors and clinically suggest, in agreement with the studies contained herein, that decreasing the smoker's usual nicotine yield can have potential healthrisks for smokers who are unable to stop smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245277
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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