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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 25 (1996), S. 386-393 
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Frakturheilung ; Knochenheilung ; Pseudarthrose ; Brückenheilung ; Kallus ; Kallusfraktur ; Instabilität ; Knochennekrose ; Knochenumbau ; Knochendurchblutung ; Gestörte Knochenheilung ; Verzögerte Knochenheilung ; Knochendefekt ; Key words Fracture healing ; Bone healing ; Nonunion ; Bridge healing ; Callus ; Callus fracture ; Instability ; Bone necrosis ; Bone remodelling ; Bone vascularization ; Fracture healing disorders ; Delayed fracture healing ; Bone defects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are three immediate causes of disturbance in fracture healing. In order of significance, these are: (1) lack of vascularization and concomitant bone necrosis, (2) instability at the wrong moment, and (3) lack of contact amongst fragments. Bone necrosis arises as a result of the actual trauma or through destruction of vessels caused by implantation: the medullary vessels by marrow nailing and the periosteal vessels by plate osteosynthesis applying conventional techniques. Thus, the injury's triggering impulse and interfragmentary movement are unable to reach vital receptors. In the case of spontaneous bone healing, there should be no unpredictable excessive strain on the bone during the vulnerable phase of callus formation; otherwise, callus fracture and pseudarthrosis may occur. A lack of contact amongst fragments, caused by interposition of muscle, blocks the flow of information. Direct fracture healing can also be defined as „necrosis healing“ and may be disturbed, to a considerable extent, by bone necrosis, excessive strain preceding actual osseous bridging as well as by bone defects. The alternative – bridge healing – tends to refracture. In spongy bones, a lack of fragment contact leads to healing defects, necessitrating early spongiosa transplantation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es gibt drei unmittelbare Ursachen, die zu einer Störung der Knochenbruchheilung führen. In der Rangfolge ihrer Bedeutung sind dies 1. die fehlende Gefäßversorgung und damit Knochennekrose, 2. die Instabilität zum falschen Zeitpunkt, und 3. der mangelnde Kontakt der Fragmente. Knochennekrosen entstehen durch das Trauma oder durch Implantat-bedingte Gefäßzerstörungen: der medullären Gefäße bei der Marknagelung und der periostalen Gefäße bei der Plattenosteosynthese in herkömmlicher Technik. Die Triggerreize der Verletzung und der interfragmentären Bewegung treffen dann auf keine vitalen Rezeptoren. Bei der spontanen Knochenheilung darf während der vulnerablen Phase der Kallusüberbrückung keine unvorhergesehene Überlastung auf den Knochen treffen; es kommt zur Kallusfraktur und Pseudarthrose. Mangelnder Kontakt der Fragmente durch Muskelinterponate blockiert den Informationsfluß. Die direkte Frakturheilung kann auch als „Nekroseheilung“ definiert werden und wird in besonderem Maße durch Knochennekrosen, Überlastung vor der eigentlichen knöchernen Überbrückung und durch Knochendefekte gestört. Die Variante der Brückenheilung neigt zu Refrakturen. Im spongiösen Knochen führt mangelnder Fragmentkontakt zu Heilungsdefekten und erfordert frühzeitig die Spongiosa-Transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 99 (1996), S. 816-829 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Elastische Plattenosteosynthese ; Überbrückende Plattenosteosynthese ; Rigide Plattenosteosynthese ; Biologische Osteosynthese ; Osteosynthesetechnik ; Frakturheilung ; Knochenheilung ; Kallus ; Knochennekrose - Nekroseheilung ; Brückenheilung ; Spongiosaheilung ; Mikrobewegungen ; Absolute Stabilität ; Instabilität ; Elastizität ; Pseudarthrose ; Knochenumbau ; Gelenkfrakturen ; Schaftfrakturen ; Key words Elastic plate osteosynthesis ; Bridging plate osteosynthesis ; Rigid plate osteosynthesis ; Biological osteosynthesis ; Internal fixation-technique ; Fracture healing ; Bone healing ; Callus ; Bone necrosis ; Necrosis healing ; Bridge healing ; Cancellous bone healing ; Micromovements ; Absolute stability ; Instability ; Elasticity ; Nonunion ; Bone remodeling ; Articular fractures ; Long-bone shaft fractures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Classical stable plate osteosynthesis with its anatomical repositioning, absolute stability between fragments and medial support should only be applied to joint fractures and spongy bone. In cortical bone, the anatomical reposition connected with the plate promotes bone necrosis along the fracture and prevents callus formation. Direct cortical synthesis, a method also known as ``primary bone healing'', serves the bone's revascularisation and is not necessarily aimed at healing. Thus, this may also be termed ``necrosis healing''. Along the shaft of long bones, elastic plate osteosynthesis, a biological method, is safer than and superior to the rigid technique. This even applies to short oblique and transverse fractures insofar as nailing does not appear feasible. Elasticity is achieved by leaving a flexible stretch of at least 2 – 4 holes, i.e. as long as possible, without screws over the fracture and by employing a titanium plate. Thus, there is no punctate fatigue leading to plate breakage. The fitting of third fragments is deliberately left out. The same applies to all kinds of compression with lag screws, tension devices or DC-gliding holes – and this with the intention of allowing micromovements in the fracture's fissure. Periost and muscle are not removed and the fracture is not examined. Healing occurs spontaneously via a fixating callus forming within the first 3 – 6 weeks out of the periost-soft tissue combination. Histomorphological investigation dates the first woven- bone bridges between the fragments to 3 weeks subsequent to the accident. In Göttingen University trauma centre, 87 fractures have been attended to over 2 years using this technique. Despite considerable soft-tissue damage, no delayed bone healing, pseudoarthrosis or bone infection has been observed. The risks of elastic plate osteosynthesis lie in unbiological and exaggerated reposition methods, too short a flexible stretch, and insufficient anchorage of the screws.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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