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  • Chemical Engineering  (2)
  • Key words Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, fetal growth, metabolic programming.  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 150-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, fetal growth, metabolic programming.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus may originate through impaired development in fetal life. Both insulin deficiency and resistance to the action of insulin are thought to be important in its pathogenesis. Although there is evidence that impaired fetal development may result in insulin deficiency, it is not known whether insulin resistance could also be a consequence of reduced early growth. Insulin resistance was therefore measured in 81 normoglycaemic subjects, and 22 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, who were born in Preston, UK, between 1935 and 1943. Their birth measurements had been recorded in detail. Insulin resistance was measured by the insulin tolerance test which uses the rate of fall in blood glucose concentrations after intravenous injection of insulin as an index of insulin resistance. Men and women who were thin at birth, as measured by a low ponderal index, were more insulin resistant. The association was statistically significant (p =0.01) and independent of duration of gestation, adult body mass index and waist to hip ratio and of confounding variables including social class at birth or currently. Thinness at birth and in adult life has opposing effects such that resistance fell with increasing ponderal index at birth but rose with increasing adult body mass index. It is concluded that insulin resistance is associated with impaired development in fetal life. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 150–154]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Plant/Operations Progress 11 (1992), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 0278-4513
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There has been a great deal of investment in development of design criteria and design and construction of heavily reinforced, blast-resistant control rooms. This remains the best option for protective construction against severe blast loading experienced close in to a vapor cloud or other explosion hazard. However, most structures encountered at chemical plants and contemplated for future construction are conventional steel frame, metal clad buildings. In this paper we look closely at the response of such buildings to explosion loads and their ability to undergo large deformations without structural failure. The types of structural elements evaluated include metal decking of various gauge and shape along with a variety of girt and purlin sections. Building frames or bents are also evaluated, although the date base for these is much more limited. The work is based on observations made during investigations of large explosion accidents along with analytical predictions and test measurements. To conclude, we offer specific design criteria and connection recommendations for enhancing the overall strength of a building through the use of conventional components in unconventional construction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 12 (1993), S. 216-221 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The majority of buildings located at petrochemical plants, exclusive of control rooms, are of conventional construction and do not explicitly provide for resistance to blast loads. Typical construction types include steel frame with metal cladding, concrete masonry unit, and brick clad with concrete or steel frame. These buildings are designed for conventional loads without regard for high overpressures and fragments resulting from an accidental explosion. Current regulatory trends are causing many companies to evaluate design standards for new and existing support structures especially in the wake of recent accidental explosions. Response criteria is an important part of these design standards especially when they are used to analyze existing structures for blast protection. Structural evaluations at several sites have revealed that few existing structures meet current design criteria primarily due to weak member connections. Previous work has shown that many conventional structures can develop a surprising degree of resistance to blast loading if proper detailing is used in design, thus allowing members to develop their full capacity. This paper discusses response criteria currently used for new structures and examines the problem of determining acceptance criteria for existing structures. Data from explosion accidents and test programs is reviewed to determine the degree of conservatism in current criteria. Finally, alternatives for establishing blast capacity of existing structures are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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