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  • aluminium toxicity  (4)
  • Chemical composition  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of organic acid fractions extracted from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on root elongation of maize (Zea mays) in the presence and absence of aluminium (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 189-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; Eucalyptus camaldulensis ; fulvic acid ; humic acid ; root elongation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Complexes of aluminium (Al) with organic ligands are believed to represent an important detoxification mechanism in acid soils. However, relatively little is known about the particular ligands produced by decomposing vegetation or about their effects on plant growth in the presence or absence of toxic Al. This paper reports an experiment on the effects of decomposition products of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on the root elongation of maize (Zea mays) cv. DK687 in the presence or absence of Al. The static solution culture experiment used fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA), extracted from E. camaldulensis leaves, at three nominal concentrations, viz. 40, 120 and 360 mg C L-1, replicated 4 times in the presence and absence of 30 µM Al. In the absence of Al, root elongation was increased by 30% by HA at 40 mg C L-1 and by 36% by FA at 120 mg C L-1. In the presence of 30 µM Al, the effects of toxic Al on root elongation were negated by FA and HA at all concentrations. Aluminium was totally complexed in all treatments except FA at 40 mg C L-1 in which treatment only 2.7 µM Al was present in the monomeric form. The E. camaldulensis FA and HA at concentrations of 40 and 120 mg C L-1, either in the presence or absence of Al, stimulated maize root elongation. Aluminium was strongly complexed by the E. camaldulensis FA and HA. The present results, in which FA and HA alleviated Al toxicity limitations on root elongation of maize, are relevant to the protection afforded to plant growth in acid soils amended with organic materials. They highlight the need to focus more on the role of FA and HA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009586
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aluminium on tap-root elongation of soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and green gram (Vigna radiata) grown in the presence of organic acids (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; cowpea ; fulvic acid ; Glycine max (L.) Merr ; green gram ; malic acid ; momomeric aluminium ; oxalic acid ; soybean ; tap-root elongation ; Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of fulvic, malic, and oxalic acids in alleviating the toxic effects of aluminium (Al) on tap-root elongation of soybean cv. Fitzroy, cowpea cv. Vita 4, and green gram cv. Berken was studied. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four Al concentrations (0, 12.5, 25 and 50 µM as Al(NO3)3·9H2O) and two concentrations either of malic or oxalic acid (0, 50 µM) or fulvic acid (0, 65 mg L-1 of organic carbon). The free monomeric Al in solution was determined using a pyrocatechol violet procedure which distinguishes between monomeric and organically complexed Al. Fulvic acid completely alleviated the toxic effect of Al at all concentrations on soybean and cowpea and at concentrations 〈25 µM on green gram. The non-toxic Al-fulvate complex remained in solution. Both malic and oxalic acid, at the concentrations tested, failed to alleviate Al toxicity on any species; a much higher proportion of the added Al remained in monomeric form in the presence of these acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009265
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of calcium and aluminium on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth of groundnut in solution culture (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; Arachis hypogaea L. ; Bradyrhizobium ; calcium ; magnesium ; solution culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract While considerable information has been presented recently on the alleviating effects of calcium (Ca) on aluminium (Al) toxicity, the interaction between Ca and Al on nodulation and N2-fixation of legumes is little understood. A 28 d solution culture experiment using groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. Matjam was conducted to evaluate the effects of four Ca concentrations and four Al levels on nodule development, N2-fixation and plant growth. The Ca concentrations were maintained at 500, 1000, 2500 or 5000 μM, and the sum of activities of monomeric Al species (ΣaAlmono) were 0, 15, 30 and 60 μM. With ΣaAlmono≥30 μM in solution, the time to appearance of the first nodule increased, and, with 60 μM ΣaAlmono in solution, plants remained chlorotic throughout the experiment. Activities≥30 μM reduced nodule number and nodule dry mass per plant, particularly with high (5000 μM) Ca in solution. Also, plant top growth was decreased at ΣaAlmono≥30 μM; the effect only being alleviated by 1000 μM Ca at 30 μM ΣaAlmono. The Ca concentration in the youngest expanded leaf (YEL) increased with increased Ca concentration in solution, but was little affected by Al treatment. Nitrogen concentrations mirrored treatment effects on nodule number and nodule dry mass; Al in solution decreased the N concentration particularly with 5000 μM Ca in solution. Furthermore, increased Ca and Al in solution decreased the Mg concentration in the YEL. This suggested that the absence of any alleviating effect of Ca and Al toxicity (indeed the opposite effect was often observed) resulted from interference in Mg nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012885
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    pH optima for crop growth (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 339-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cassava ; Chemical composition ; Control of solution pH ; Copper ; Flowing solution culture ; French bean ; Ginger ; Hydrogen ion injury ; Magnesium ; Maize ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Optimum pH range ; pH ; Plant growth ; Root weight ratio ; Tomato ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181830
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential response of six cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) cultivars to liming in an ultisol (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 61-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylen reduction assay ; Aluminium toxicity ; Chemical composition ; Cowpea ; Cultivar tolerance to soil acidity ; Liming ; Nitrogen deficiency ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nodulation ; Relative dry matter yields ; Soil acidity ; Ultisol ; Lime-induced yield depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The differential response of six cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) cultivars to liming was assessed in a greenhouse trial using an Ultisol (Typic Paleudult) from southeastern Nigeria. Lime rates from 0 to 5.0 t/ha were applied to give a range of soil pH, determined in 1∶1 soil/water from 4.25 to about 7.0. Without liming, relative dry matter yields of tops ranged between 46.6 and 76.8 percent. Significant yield responses to the first lime increment (0.5 t/ha) were observed particularly in the less tolerant cultivars and maximum yields were generally obtained with application of 1.6 to 2.5 t/ha lime. Among the six cultivars, TVu 4557 and Ife Brown were most tolerant, Vita-1 and Vita-3 were moderately tolerant, and TVu 1977-OD and TVu 4552 were least tolerant to soil acidity. The latter two cultivars were the most poorly nodulated when grown in the unlimed soil. The first lime increment enabled excellent nodulation to be achieved in all cultivars. Nitrogen analyses on tops confirmed the visual symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in two cultivars (Vita-1, TVu 1977-OD) grown in the unlimed soil. Analysis of data on chemical composition of plant tops and chemical soil characteristics gave indications that aluminium toxicity is the major growth limiting factor for cowpeas in this soil. This study, albeit with a limited range of cowpea germplasm clearly indicates that cowpea possesses considerable potential as a grain legume on strongly acid soils (pH〈5.0), even in circumstances where lime is not available. Low rates of lime (0.5 t/ha or less) will greatly expand the available choice of cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183592
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aluminium on the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)/ Bradyrhizobium symbiosis (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 265-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum toxicity ; aluminium toxicity ; Arachis hypogaea L. ; Bradyrhizobium ; solution culture ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of low activities of the monomeric Al species, Al3+, Al(OH)2 + and Al(OH)2+, on the peanut/Bradyrhizobium symbiosis were examined in solution culture. In flowing solution culture, growth of the host plant was depressed at activities ≥5 μM. Neither shoot dry weight, root dry weight nor root length were inhibited by 3 μM Al, an activity which reduced nodule number by 70%. Low nodule number was compensated for, at this activity, by an increase in weight per nodule. In non-flowing solution culture of similar composition, survival of a streptomycin resistant mutant of Bradyrhizobium spp. NC92 in the bulk solution or in the rhizosphere of peanut roots was unaffected by 20 μM Al. The site of infection by Bradyrhizobium was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Lateral root axils of plants exposed to ≥2 μM Al did not display the rosette of multicellular root hairs which is characteristic in normal plants. The detrimental effects of Al on nodulation appear to be related to structural changes at the site of infection which are observed at Al activities too low to cause any depression in growth of the host plant, including root length, and at activities of Al which do not affect survival of the free-living Bradyrhizobium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009289
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