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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of antibiotics on intracellular symbiotes in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 287-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Symbiotes ; Aphids ; Antibiotics ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of penicillin and chlortetracyline HCl on the fine structure of the intracellular symbiotes of the pea aphid were studied in an attempt to remove the symbiote population. High penicillin concentrations, 1% and 0.1%, caused symbiote breakdown but were toxic and/or repellent to the aphids; at 0.1% specific effects were observed on the symbiotes' cell walls. After the use of 0.01% penicillin in the aphid diet, the symbiotes had abnormal cell walls and were abnormally dilated; however, symbiote division and transmission from one aphid generation to the next seemed unaffected and the aphids appeared normal. Aphids fed 0.1% chlortetracycline failed to reproduce. After 7 days, their symbiotes were found to break down at a high rate but aphid mitochondria were also adversely affected at this stage. Following 0.002% chlortetracycline, the aphids produced aposymbiotic progeny with apparently normal mitochondrial populations; these larvae failed to develop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224257
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of pea aphid mycetocytes: Evidence for symbiote secretion (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 351-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Symbiotes ; Aphids ; Vesicles ; Organelles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A detailed investigation into the ultrastructure of the pea aphid mycetocytes and their contained symbiotes and organelles was carried out with the transmission electron microscope. The most striking observation was the presence of small vesicles in the space between the primary symbiote cell wall and membrane envelope (outer membrane space). The vesicles appear to form by a budding process at the outer cell wall layer. Subsequently, the vesicles, we suggest, may move out into the mycetocyte cytoplasm via a similar budding of the membrane envelope. The Golgi apparatus was found to be an important structural component of the primary mycetocyte; it is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the latter, in turn, appears to be closely connected to the primary symbiote membrane envelope. This may be of functional significance. A number of other organelles not previously described in mycetocytes were found, including transparent vacuoles, granular bodies, multivesicular bodies and microfilaments. The chemical composition of the various vesicles and organelles is unknown at present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221782
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of dietary cholesterol on the pattern of osmium deposition in the symbiote-containing cells of the pea aphid (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 191-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: OsO4 ; Cholesterol ; Symbiotes ; Aphids ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pea aphids left for 48 h in unbuffered osmium tetroxide show heavy staining of many organelles in the symbiote-containing cells (mycetocytes and sheath), embryos and oenocytes very similar to that characteristic of mammalian sterol-synthesizing cells. However, the staining of the pea-aphid cells is, to a large extent, dependent on the presence of cholesterol benzoate, or free cholesterol, in the aphid's diet. In aphids cultured in vitro with 3H mevalonate in the presence of added cholesterol, the incorporation of label into the cholesterol and lanosterol fractions is significantly reduced. If the dietary cholesterol effects a similar inhibition in vivo, the cholesterol-dependent osmium staining could be due to precursors(s) of cholesterol accumulating in the intracellular sites described. There is also osmium staining of large (normally electron-transparent) vacuoles in mycetocytes, gut and fat body, irrespective of dietary cholesterol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229462
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo sterol biosynthesis by pea aphid symbiotes as determined by digitonin and electron microscopic autoradiography (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 179-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cholesterol ; Symbiotes ; Aphids ; Digitonin ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pea aphid primary symbiotes have previously been shown to synthesize cholesterol in vitro. Two electron microscopic techniques were used here to determine whether the symbiotes also synthesize cholesterol in vivo and whether this cholesterol is made available to the aphid. We also inquired into a possible role of secondary symbiotes in cholesterol biosynthesis. Treatment of aphids with digitonin resulted in significant alteration of ultrastructural sites in primary and secondary symbiote membranes. We concluded that these sites are areas of high cholesterol concentration in the symbiotes. Electron microscopic autoradiography with 3H-mevalonate precursor indicated that both primary and secondary symbiotes synthesize cholesterol; in both cases, the majority of grains were associated with the symbiote membranes. While the frequency of grains on the symbiotes remained constant, irrespective of incubation time in labelled media, the frequency of grains over surrounding tissues increased exponentially as the time of incubation was increased from 30 min to 8 h, indicating that symbiote cholesterol is transported to other tissues. High voltage electron microscopic autoradiography permitted thick section autoradiography, reducing the time of emulsion exposure from 54 days (thin section) to 12 days (0.5 μm sections).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229461
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Antifungal Agents. Part 25. 1-[(3,5-Bisaryl-2-methylisoxazolidin-3-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazoles (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 71 (1988), S. 1622-1629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and antifungal activity of a novel series of 1-[(3,5-bisaryl-2-methylisoxazolidin-3-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazoles 6 and 7 (i.e. 8-19) are discussed. The preparation of 8-19 was straightforward and highlighted by a regiospecific 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of α-substituted (E)-ketonitrones 4 with appropriate atyrene derivatives 5 that led to a cis/trans-diastereoisomeric mixture of the corresponding triazoles (Scheme). The title compounds were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity in solid agar cultures against a broad array of yeast and systemic mycoses and dermatophytes. The in vivo activity was determined in an immune-compromised mouse model of systemic candidiasis. While the in vitro activity was evident throughout the series, it was moderate in potency. However, some of the triazole derivatives demonstrated a potent in vivo activity comparable to that of the standard drug ketoconazole. Analogue 12 (PR 988-399) emerged as the best overall compound demonstrating potent antifungal activity in both in vitro and in vivo assays.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19880710706
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Antifungal Agents. Part 22. 3-aryl-5-[(aryloxy)alkyl]-3-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-2-methylisoxazolidines and related derivatives (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 71 (1988), S. 718-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and antifungal activity of a novel series of 3-aryl-5-[(aryloxy)alkyl]-3-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-methyl]-2-methylisoxazolidines and related compounds, are discussed. The synthesis of the title compounds was accomplished via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of α-substituted ketonitrones with l-alkenyl phenyl ethers (Scheme 2 and 3). The compounds were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity in solid agar cultures against a broad variety of yeast and systemic mycoses and dermatophytes. While antifungal activity was evident throughout the series, in general, derivatives having halogen atom(s) in either or both aryl rings demonstrated the highest potency, especially against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. The dichloro analog 20 (PR 967-248) was found to possess the most useful activity. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged between 0.2 and 2.0 μg/ml, as compared to 0.2-20.0 μg/ml for the standard drug ketoconazole (4).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19880710406
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulsed discharge photoionization detector: Application to analysis of chloro alkanes/alkenes (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 19 (1996), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A windowless pulsed discharge photoionization detector (PDPID) is described which uses the emission spectra from the discharge in helium and Ar/Kr doped helium. The emission from helium is a continuum ranging from 13.5-17.7 eV which ionizes all compounds except neon. The emission from 5.4% Ar/He ranges from 9.3-11.8 eV and ionizes most organic compounds and many inorganic compounds. The emission from 1.36% Kr/He consists principally of the resonance lines at 10.6 and 10.1 eV. These PDPIDs are used to analyze a 12 component mixture containing principally chloro alkane/alkene. The relative responses of the PDPID combined with the relative retention time can be used to qualitatively identify the chloro compounds.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240190205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of non-complementary nucleotides on the rate of helix formation: Kinetics of formation of poly (I)·poly (C,I) and poly (I)·poly (C,U) complexes (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1613-1620 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Apparent second-order rate constants for complex formation between poly (I) and poly (C) and copolymers of C containing non-complementary I or U residues have been determined spectrophotometrically. The rate constants decrease as the concentration of either I or U in the C strands increases-the effect seems insensitive to the species of residue involved, when differences in the thermal stabilities of the poly (I) poly (C,I) and poly (I). poly (C,U) complexes are taken into account. These results suggest that low concentrations of relatively stable defects can alter the apparent kinetic “complexity” of polynucleotides as determined by hybridization methods (C0t analysis).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1972.360110808
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics and mechanism for the iodination of methylmalonic acid (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 11 (1979), S. 131-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ CH\left({CH_3 } \right)\left({COOH} \right)_2 + I_2 \rightleftharpoons CI(CH_3)\left({COOH} \right)_2 + H^ + + I^ - $\end{document} was followed spectrophotometrically at 353 nm and 470 nm at 25°C under various conditions of pH and methylmalonic acid concentration. The equilibrium constant for the reaction is 0.11 ± 0.02. An iterative technique was used to integrate postulated rate equations. Agreement between experimental and calculated absorbance versus time curves was generally better than 0.005 A (approximately 5% of maximum) at both wavelengths for a mechanism where the rate-determining step is formation of an enolate (k = 1.63 Θ 10-4 ± 0.03 Θ 10-4 sec-1). The enolate may be rapidly transformed to the enol or enol carboxylate anion depending on the pH. All three forms are rapidly iodinated. The mechanism of general base catalysis is supported by rate increases proportional to base concentration in buffer solutions. The bases, acetate ion, chloracetate ion, sulfate ion, dichloracetate ion, and water, follow a Brønsted relationship with β = 0.7.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kin.550110205
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of the hydroxyiodination of 2-butenoic acid (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 14 (1982), S. 927-932 
    Details
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aqueous iodination of trans-2-butenoic acid proceeds via hydrolysis of I2 to form HOI and I-, then rapid addition of HOI across the double bond to form the iodohydrin product. In the presence of iodate to keep iodide concentration low, the reaction proceeds at a conveniently measurable rate. The rate for the addition reaction \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm HOI + CH}_{\rm 3} {\rm CH=\!=CHCOOH} \to {\rm CH}_{\rm 3} {\rm CH(OH)CHICOOH}$$ \end{document} is -d[C4H6O2]/dt = 5900 [H+][C4H6O2][HOI]M/s at 25.0°C when [IO3-] = 0.025M and ionic strength = 0.3. The overall rate law in the presence of iodate is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ -d[{\rm I}_{\rm 2}]/dt = 3.2 \times 10^{ - 3} \times 10^{ - 3} [{\rm H}^{\rm + }][{\rm IO}_{\rm 3}^ -]^{0.65} [{\rm C}_{\rm 4} {\rm H}_{\rm 6} {\rm O}_{\rm 2}]^{1/2} [{\rm I}_{\rm 2}]^{1/2} M/{\rm s}$$ \end{document} where [H+] and [IO3-] are total concentrations used to prepare the solution.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kin.550140811
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