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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 64 (1990), S. 644-649 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Sodium dichromate ; Glycolysis ; Hyperglycemia ; Glycogenolysis ; Cyanosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of sodium dichromate on cellular metabolism was investigated. Intraperitoneal injection of sodium dichromate into the rat (20 or 40 mg/kg) caused significant increases in serum lactate, pyruvate, and creatinine concentrations within 15 min after intoxication. Severe hyperglycemia occurred thereafter, as a result of increased hepatic glycogenolysis, which was seen in the first 2 h after dichromate. However, liver glycogen was resynthesized in 24 h-fasted rats after glucose refeeding. Dichromate decreased serum total amino acids, with a consequent increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration. Unlike HgCl2 (2 mg/kg, i.p.), As2O3 (5 mg/kg, i.p.), and KCN (5 mg/kg, i. p.), dichromate showed the largest metabolic disturbance only in the early period after treatment. In addition, dichromate produced cyanosis, which appeared during the period of the accelerated glycolysis and breakdown of creatine phosphate. Regardless of chemical species, only the hexavalent chromium compounds had an effect on the cellular metabolism. Trivalent chromium compounds had no effect at all. These results suggest that dichromate possesses a characteristic dual action on cellular metabolism, which might be related to its metabolic fate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 537-541 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Sodium dichromate ; Nephrotoxicity ; Hepatotoxicity ; Lipid peroxidation ; Phenobarbital
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of the effects of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes of administration of sodium dichromate on nephrotoxicity in rats was studied. Dichromate when injected subcutaneously (SC group) produced a higher degree of nephrotoxicity than when administered intraperitoneally (IP group). It caused severe progressive proteinuria followed by polyuria and glucosuria, reaching maximum levels at 3 days after treatment in the SC group, whereas it produced mild proteinuria without glucosuria in the IP group. The dose-dependent increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations, shown in the SC group, were not observed in the IP group. However, between the two groups, there were no great differences in either the urinary excretion rate of chromium or the electrophoretic patterns of urinary protein in the day 1 urine specimens. Pretreatment of phenobarbital (PB) had no remarkable effect on the dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity. In contrast, it potentiated dichromate-induced hepatotoxicity, the indices of which were the elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and hepatic lipid peroxide formation. These results suggest that the dependence of dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity on the route of administration is related to the chemical forms of chromium reaching the kidney, and the necrotizing property of dichromate results from its metabolic fate in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 66 (1992), S. 646-651 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Sodium dichromate ; Nephrotoxicity ; Glutathione ; Ascorbate ; Carbohydrate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ascorbate treatment 30 min prior to sodium dichromate (20 or 30 mg/kg, s.c.) shows higher potency than that of glutathione (GSH) in protecting against both the metabolic disturbance and nephrotoxicity induced by dichromate. However, ascorbate treatment after 2 h of dichromate intoxication had no effect on dichromate-induced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) elevation 3 days after intoxication. In contrast, dichromate-induced glucosuria, which reached maximum levels at 3 days after treatment, was significantly decreased by GSH or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) treatment, even if its administration was after 24 h of dichromate intoxication. Pretreatment with GSH depletors such as diethyl maleate (DEM) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) had no effect on dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity. GSH levels in the liver and kidney were not affected at 3 h after dichromate treatment. However, dichromate significantly increased tissue GSH levels with a marked increase in liver per kidney GSH ratio at 24 h after treatment, if food was withheld subsequent to dichromate treatment, indicating that GSH biosynthesis resulted from the accelerated protein breakdown. These results suggest that GSH-mediated dichromate reduction is not a kinetically favorable pathway in vivo; however, GSH plays an important role in protection against dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity. In addition, the cellular metabolism of dichromate in the early period after treatment is important in the pathogenesis of its nephrotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 879-888 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady state, nonlinear diffusion equations which describe reactions in constrained enzyme solutions are of great interest in many biological and engineering applications. As in other types of nonlinear differential equations, exact analytical solutions do not exist except in some simplified cases. In this paper, a general procedure is presented for solving numerically for the substrate concentration profile and effectiveness factor utilizing the transformation method suggested by Na and Na. Design correlations for enzyme solutions constrained within spherical membranes are included. The use of a unique definition of the Thiele Modulus in these charts permits the clear illustration of the effects of substrate concentration and external mass transfer resistances on the overall effectiveness factor for the catalyst particle.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 18 (1997), S. 921-925 
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of 2,3-O-carboxymethylcelluloses (CMC's), which are regioselectively substituted at the C-2 and C-3 position, were prepared and their water solubility was examined. It was found that the lower limit for the degree of substitution (DS) value of water-soluble 2,3-O-CMC is about 0.3. This value was almost the same as that of CMC prepared in a slurry of isopropyl alcohol/water with isopropyl chloroacetate and sodium hydroxide, showing that the uniform alkylation is rather important to convert cellulose into water-soluble derivatives.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 38 (1989), S. 2171-2182 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Butyl acrylate was graft copolymerized onto gelatin using ceric ammonium nitrate as redox initiator. A series of grafted products with various gelatin-to-butyl acrylate ratios were prepared. The molecular weight of the grafted side chains and the number of grafting sites were measured. The possible grafting sites on gelatin macromolecules were pointed out through amino acid analysis. The electron micrograph and DSC analysis showed that the grafted chain (PBA) and backbone gelatin were in separated phases. The graft copolymer was used in the receiving layer of the dye transfer blank film, and the photographic, dye transfer printing, and some physicomechanical properties were studied with satisfactory results.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 16 (1981), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High precision 14N screening measurements are presented for some nitroalkanes. The screening increases as the dielectric constant of the solvent decreases in all cases considered. The β effect on the nitrogen screening is found to be largely independent of solvent, and is thus an intrinsic property of the nitroalkanes. Good agreement is obtained between the observed solvent effects on nitrogen screening and those calculated by the SOS procedure using INDO/S parameters. It is concluded that the measured nitrogen screening changes monitor the electronic changes which occur in the nitroalkanes as the medium is changed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 14 (1980), S. 92-97 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sum-over-states perturbation and finite perturbation calculations, within the ‘Solvaton’ model, are presented for the variation of some 17O and 19F chemical shifts as a function of the dielectric constant of the medium. In general, the nuclear screening and charge are predicted to increase as the dielectric constant increases. The effects of hydrogen bonding are included by means of minimum energy dimer models in some of the sum-over-states calculations.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 21 (1983), S. 501-504 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some INDO/S parameterized SOS shielding calculations are reported for the nitrogen nuclei of some N-heterocycles. Hydrogen bonding with H2O and CF3CH2OH is incorporated in a supermolecule approach. The calculated effects of hydrogen bonding are found to be in satisfactory agreement with observed nitrogen shielding variations upon a change of solvent.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 350-351 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An unusual morphine analog was extracted and separated from an opium-like sample. The high resolution mass spectrum of the unknown substance confirmed the empirical formula as C17H18O2NCl. Mass spectra and retention factor values in thin-layer chromatography of both unknown and authentic standards were compared, which lead to the identification of the unknown as β-chloromorphide.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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