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Prolonged anorectal manometry and external anal sphincter electromyography in ambulant human subjects (1990)

Kumar, D. ; Waldron, D. ; Williams, N. S. ; [et al.]

Springer

Digestive diseases and sciences 35 (1990), S. 641-648

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ISSN: 1573-2568

Keywords: anorectal manometry ; electromyography ; action potential ; sampling reflex ; sleep

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract We have developed a method for prolonged combined anorectal manometry and electro-myography (EMG) of the external anal sphincter in ambulant subjects. Fourteen healthy volunteers were studied for a total of 284 hr (mean of 20.3 hr/subject). Anorectal manometry was performed using a probe with twin pressure sensors. EMG was recorded by one indifferent and two differential silver-silver chloride surface electrodes positioned 0.5–0.75 cm from the anus on either side. The sampling reflex occurred frequently and was significantly (P〈0.001) more common during wakefulness than during sleep and also following meals than during fasting (P〈0.01). The passage of flatus was associated with transient relaxation of the anal canal in 19% of episodes. In contrast, there was a contractile episode with no preceding relaxation in 75% of episodes. The anal sphincter had significantly (P〈0.05) more action potentials (APs) during the day (12.8±3.2 APs/10 min) than at night (1.6±1.3 APs/10 min). During micturition, anal canal pressure rose (mean 15 mm Hg) in association with powerful external anal sphincter contractions. Our data show that, normally, contractile activity both in the anal canal and external anal sphincter maintains fecal continence during micturition and the passage of flatus. The technique should lead to a better understanding of the normal mechanisms of fecal continence during waking and sleep and of the pathophysiology of disorders of anorectal function.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01540414

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Physiochemical quality assurance methods for composite matrix resins (1979)

May, C. A. ; Hadad, D. K. ; Browning, C. E.

Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 545-551

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ISSN: 0032-3888

Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics

Notes: Fiber reinforced composite structures have gained a significant position as materials of construction for the aerospace industry. It thus follows that large expenditures of funds and human lives are dependent on the reliability of these products. An important step in gaining confidence in a part is knowing that the starting prepreg has the same chemical formulation in each lot of material and that each lot has been processed in the same manner. This can be accomplished by physiochemical characterization. The techniques described herein were developed for 177°C (350°F) epoxy matrix systems. However, the methods form a basis for developing similar procedures for other types of matrices.

Additional Material: 13 Ill.