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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hydrothermal degradation of cellulosic matter to sugars and their fermentative conversion to protein (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2083-2093 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For the hydrothermal degradation of cellulosic matter, an apparatus was developed in which water is used as extraction medium. Samples, 0.15 g each, of pure cellulose (filter paper), natural straw, and 14C-labeled straw were treated at temperatures of between 200° and 275°C. Of the inserted cellulose, 65.7% was recovered at the optimum temperature as sugars and hydroxymethylfurfural. It was possible to degrade the straw selectively: at lower temperatures, the hemicellulose part of the plant matter was converted to xylose and arabinose; and then at higher temperatures, the cellulose was converted to glucose and cellobiose. At the same time, a certain amount of the sugars was transformed to furfural compounds. The growth behavior of the yeast Candida utilis (strain Weissenbach) was analyzed, using cellobiose, xylose, and glucose (standard) as carbon sources. The growth curves applying cellobiose were nearly identical to those of glucose. Xylose showed lower productivity than the hexoses. The main products of the hydrothermal degradation can, therefore, be used favorably as nutritive substances for this proteinproducing yeast.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200805
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur frage der anionpolymerisation, II.I s. Zur Kinetik der “Polykondensation” von Äthylenoxyd an Phenole, von F. Patat, E. Cremer, und O. Bobleter, Monatsh. Chem., 83, 322 (1952). Dort finden sich auch Einzelheiten über die Versuchsdurchführung. Die addition von Äthylenoxyd an phenol (1954)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 489-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The addition of ethylene oxide to phenol is described quantitatively. The reaction takes place by the anion chain: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm Step 1:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Step 2:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OH} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}} \hfill \\ {{\rm Step 3:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 4} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Step 4:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OH} + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} etc. As long as phenol is still present, the polymerization is interrupted on step 2 and glycol monophenyl ether only is formed.
    Notes: Die Anlagerung von Äthylenoxyd an Phenol wird quantitativ beschrieben. Die Reaktion geht über die “Anion”-kette. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm Stufe 1:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Stufe 2:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OH} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}} \hfill \\ {{\rm Stufe 3:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 4} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Stufe 4:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OH} + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} u.s.w. So lange noch Phenol vorhanden ist, wird die Polymerisation bei Stufe 2 unterbrochen und nur Glykolmonophenyläther gebildet.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1954.120120140
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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