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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 40 (1974), S. 291-304 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The thermal degradation of random acrylonitrile-vinylidene chloride copolymers under nitrogen was studied at programmed temperature between 25 and 400°C. The following results were obtained:The initiation of dehydrochlorination, studied conductometrically, depends on the polymer composition and ranges from 70 (for copolymers with medium composition) to 130°C (for copolymers rich in acrylonitrile or vinylidene chloride). The total amount of hydrogen chloride evolved (up to 400°C, referred to the vinylidene chloride content) increases with the acrylonitrile content of the copolymers and is larger than that of polyvinylidene chloride. In the temperature range studied, the evolution of hydrogen chloride accounts for approx. 75% of the loss of weight, even with copolymers rich in acrylonitrile.Thc evolution of hydrogen cyanide, as detected by gas chromatography, starts between 150 and 190°C. The total amount of hydrogen cyanide evolved (up to 400°C, referred to the acrylonitrile content) increases with the vinylidene chloride content of the copolymers.Short oligomerized nitrile sequences were detected in the copolymers at 160°C by UV-spectroscopy.The results are discussed with respect to the sequence distribution obtained kinetically.
    Notes: Die temperatur-programmierte thermische Zersetzung von statistischen Acrylnitril-Vinylidenchlorid-Copolymeren wurde im Bereich von 25 bis 400°C unter Stickstoff untersucht; dabei wurden die folgenden Ergebnisse erhalten:Die konduktometrisch nachweisbare Dehydrochlorierung beginnt in Abhängigkeit von der Copolymerzusammensetzung zwischen 70°C (Copolymere mittlerer Zusammensetzung) und 130°C (acrylnitrilreiche oder vinylidenchloridreiche Copolymere). Mit steigendem Acrylnitrilanteil nimmt die bis 400°C insgesamt abgespaltene, auf den Vinylidenchloridgehalt bezogene Chlorwasserstoffmenge zu und ist größer als bei Polyvinylidenchlorid. Der Gewichtsverlust bis 400°C wird auch bei den acrylnitrilreicheren Copolymeren zu ca. 75% durch die Chlorwasserstoffabspaltung bestimmt.Die gaschromatographisch nachweisbare Bildung von Cyanwasserstoff setzt zwischen 150 und 190°C ein. Die bis 400°C insgesamt gebildete, auf den Acrylnitrilgehalt bezogene Cyanwasserstoffmenge nimmt mit steigendem Vinylid̰enchloridanteil in den Copolymeren zu.UV-spektroskopisch lassen sich in einigen Copolymeren bei 160°C kurze oligomerisierte Nitrilsequenzen nachweisen.Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden mit der kinetisch ermittelten Sequenzlängenverteilung in Zusammenhang gebracht.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 1 (1980), S. 697-702 
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. XIII 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. XVII 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. 43-57 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Batch emulsion copolymerization studies of n-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate have been investigated using potassium persulfate as initiator and a nonionic surfactant (REWOPAL HV 25) as emulsifier. Higher polymerization rates, shorter nucleation stage and complete conversion are obtained by comparison to the SDS-emulsified copolymerization. The kinetic and particle number data support a micellar-type mechanism for the formation of copolymer particles. Strong affinity between the two monomers and the nonionic surfactant results in significantly high solubilization of the surfactant in the initial monomer phase and its subsequent burial inside the final latex particles.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. 165-184 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: While in solution or bulk radical polymerization, only one azeotropic copolymerization can be observed at the best- if reactivity ratios are both 〉 or 〈 1, on the contrary in emulsion batch copolymerization, many more such azeotropic copolymers can be synthesized. Monomer partitioning between droplet, water and particle phases is at the origin of this behaviour of a particular interest, hence water solubility of the monomers plays a determining role. Experimental works confirm the theoretical predictions derived from an approach, based on partition coefficient and thermodynamics, which allows to compute the optimum monomer/water ratio to be used, in order to get, in a batch process, a copolymer of constant composition up to high conversion. The optimum depends upon reactivity ratios, monomer water solubility, monomer feed composition. Examples are given for acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate copolymerizations. It appears that it is not any more Lecessary that they are both greater or lower than unity; for instance, batch emulsion copolymerizations of acrylonitrile/butyl acrylate (rAN = 0.89; rBuA = 1.2) result in homogeneous copolymers at the optimum monomer/water ratio, in the whole range of monomer feed. The approach can also be applied to semi-continuous process to select the best experimental conditions to “tailor” the copolymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. 235-264 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Emulsion polymerization proceeds in a heterogeneous medium; in copolymerization, due to discrepancy in water solubility and interactions with the resulting copolymers, monomers are partitioned in a complex way between droplet, water and particle phases. As monomer swollen polymer particles are the main loci of polymerization, it is of great interest to know the monomer feed within the particle phase to understand the behaviour of this copolymerization whatever may be the process and the experimental conditions. Two approaches are examined in this lecture to investigate emulsion copolymer and colloid properties of the latexes. A first, simple one is based on experimental partition coefficients and a second one is based on more theoretical thermodynamic considerations (volume fractions, interaction χ parameters …). The latter gives a more general insight of emulsion processes and allows to investigate influence of many parameters like monomer-monomer, monomer-polymer, monomer-emulsifier interactions, interfacial tension, particle size, surface charge density… Computer programs are derived which give predictions in rather good agreement with experiments. The thermodynamic approach allows to study crosslinking effect as well as competition between polymerization rate and monomer diffusion rate if some control by diffusion does occur. Owing to these computer programs it becomes possible to correlate many experimental parameters. Most of experimental date are relative to styrene-acrylonitrile copolymerization.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Soapless emulsion copolymerization of styrene (S) and n-butyl acrylate (BuA) has been investigated using two types of initiator and different comonomer feed mixtures. When using K2S2O8 as initiator, the particle size and size distribution of the final latexes (500 nm and 1.003, respectively) is not significantly affected by the comonomer feed composition, whereas the molecular weight and surface characteristics were found to sharply change at high butyl acrylate content. Based on the most probable particle nucleation mechanism and type of chain termination in the monomer swollen particles, a tentative explanation of these results has been proposed. Replacing persulfate by a carboxylic initiator (4-4′-azobiscyanopentanoic acid) results in the formation of stable particles as α observed with the persulfate, provided the aqueous phase pH is fixed in between 6 and 7. Results on the initiator residue location as a function of the conversion point out that the particle flocculation mechanism is strongly significant in the preparation of such latexes.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 1271-1281 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: potassium persulfate ; decomposition ; soap-emulsified systems ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two methods of analysis, potentiometry and capillary electrophoresis, were used to study the decomposition of potassium persulfate (KPS) in aqueous solutions. The experiments were carried out in a glass reactor equipped with continuous control of temperature and pH during the reaction. The effect of the pH on the decomposition of KPS was investigated. The rate of KPS decomposition in the presence of a variety of additives (surfactants, inhibitor, monomer-like molecules, and monomers), which are used in emulsion polymerization recipes, was also studied over the temperature range of interest. The rate of disappearance of the persulfate ion was greatly increased in the presence of hydroquinone, but changed very little in the presence of surfactants. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 1937-1959 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Batch emulsifier-free copolymerizations of styrene (S) and butyl acrylate (BuA) have been performed for a S/BuA weight ratio = 50/50 in the presence of two types of functional comonomers [methacrylic acid (MAA) at different pHs] or potassium sulfopropylmethacrylate (SPM) and two initiators [potassium persulfate or 4-4′azobiscyanopentanoic acid (AZO)]. The use of AZO/MAA system results in the formation of polymer particles with only surface carboxylic end groups. The particle size of the final latexes can be adjusted with the MAA concentration, provided the polymerization is carried out at pH 〉 6.5. However, the higher the MAA concentration, the sooner the polymerization levels off in conversion. With the K2S2O8/SPM system, particles bearing only sulfate and sulfonate groups are produced and the polymerization is complete. In that case, the particle size of the final latexes is smaller than with the previous system and 30% of the SPM is fixed on the particle surface, instead of 10% with MAA. Using SPM, a too high functional monomer concentration results in the latex destabilization caused by the formation of a large amount of polyelectrolytes. Kinetic studies indicate that most of the functional monomer is incorporated onto the particle surface during the last 30% conversion of the polymerization. A tentative explanation of such a behavior is discussed, based on the existence of two polymerization loci in the latex system.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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