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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Schlagwort(e): cubic silicon carbide ; morphology ; photoluminescence ; micro-Raman ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Notizen: Optically transparent cubic SiC crystals were grown via atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) on graphite substrates from methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) in hydrogen in a cold-wall RF induction furnace at temperatures from 1500 to 2000°C. The morphology of the crystals was correlated to substrate temperature, H2/MTS ratio and hydrogen flow. Low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited a zero-phonon line (2.3787 eV) attributable to an exciton bound to a neutral nitrogen donor, in addition to TA, LA, TO, and LO phonon replicas. The observed broadening and splitting of the PL spectral lines were associated with the morphological habit and internal strain of individual crystallites.Above about 1600°C preferential 〈110〉 growth directions were identified for the majority of the crystals. At intermediate deposition temperatures (1600-1700°C) the dominant morphology consisted of yellow prismatic crystals heavily twinned along {111} and {111¯}. At temperatures of about 1750°C hexagonally shaped {111}-oriented 3C-SiC platelets were formed with alternating {001}/{101} edges. A layer-by-layer growth model was used to rationalise the transition in preferred growth direction from 〈111〉 to 〈101〉 with increasing substrate temperature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2019-2029 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A sample of commercial atactic polypropylene was extracted with ether and the residue extracted with boiling n-heptane. Six fractions of the heptane-soluble material, which is very similar to that obtained by heptane extraction of isotactic polypropylene, were obtained by stepwise addition of acetone to a solution in cyclohexane. Densities, melting points, and x-ray photographs of the fractions and the unfractionated material were obtained and infrared absorption spectra used to estimate tacticity. Molecular weights, determined by means of a vapor pressure osmometer, ranged from about 3000 to about 25,000. That of the fraction of highest molecular weight was in good agreement with a separate determination by means of osmotic pressure measurements. Separation in fractionation occurred in order of decreasing molecular weight and increasing crystallinity as estimated from densities and x-ray photographs. Tacticity also seems to increase with decreasing molecular weight. Melting points of the fractions were not entirely in the order expected from their molecular weights and estimated crystallinities, and it is possible that low DP isotactic material may be preferentially concentrated in the highest molecular weight fraction. It is emphasized that the unfractionated material may contain polymers possessing a range of order intermediate between those of purely atactic and purely isotactic polymer and that refractionation may be required in order to characterize the material completely.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2619-2630 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Osmotic, viscometric, and initial phase separation studies of dilute solutions of poly-(vinyl chloride) in cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, tetrahydrofuran, morpholine, nitrobenzene, and tetrahydropyran are reported together with some swelling measurements involving these solvents and dioxane, acetone, and methanol. Values of the polymer-solvent interaction parameter χ1 obtained from osmotic and swelling measurements suggest the order of solvent power for poly(vinyl chloride) to be cyclohexanone 〉 cyclopentanone 〉 tetrahydrofuran 〉 morpholine 〉 nitrobenzene 〉 tetrahydropyran. A similar order is suggested by the volumes of hexane required to cause initial phase separation. Values of intrinsic viscosity and of the viscosity slope constant k′ give somewhat different orders of solvent power. Reasons for differences in order are considered. The correlation of the volume of hexane required to cause initial phase separation with χ1 is discussed and it is suggested that the polymer is solvated in solution. Other factors affecting the solvent power of solvents for poly(vinyl chloride) would appear to include the bulk and the solubility parameter of the solvent.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1121-1132 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Reduced melting point and swelling measurements, involving heptane-soluble material from atactic polypropylene and over thirty liquids of differing chemical type, are reported. A value of 578 ± 40 cal. is obtained for the molar heat of fusion of a crystalline repeat unit which is much lower than values given for isotactic polypropylene. Some reasons for the low value are considered. Values of the polymer-solvent interaction parameter χ1 for systems involving alkylbenzenes and n-alkanes suggest a solubility parameter of 7.9 ± 0.1 (cal./cc)1/2 for the polymer. These values of χ1 decrease with increasing molar volume of liquid. Polar liquids of comparable solubility parameter or molar volume are associated with higher values of χ1. Intrinsic viscosities and values of the slope constant k′ are given for fractions in the molecular weight range 3,000-25,000 and six solvents at 25°C. The results suggest the following order of solvent power: cyclohexane ≈ cyclohexene 〉 methylcyclohexane 〉 trichloroethylene 〉 decalin 〉 carbon tetrachloride. Intrinsic viscosities are higher than those generally obtained for flexible polymers of comparable molecular weight, and the values of the Mark-Houwink exponent appear to be high. Some reasons for these high values are considered.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 15 (1955), S. 305-319 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Absorption of solvent and swelling by nitrocellulose fibers and films, in binary solventhexane mixtures of varying concentration and involving ketones, acetates, and phthalates, have been compared. Equilibrium is less rapidly attained with films. With solvents of smaller molecular size the equilibrium absorption of fibers and films, at a given concentration, is the same, suggesting that all regions of the nitrocellulose are accessible to such solvents. With solvents of larger molecular size lower equilibrium absorption values are obtained with films, suggesting that only certain regions are accessible to these solvents and such accessibility is less in films. Where absorption values are similar, swelling of films and fibers are comparable and similar modes of solution are observed. The assumption that no hexane is absorbed appears to be justified at lower solvent concentrations, but at higher concentrations the mixture in equilibrium with the nitrocellulose may be imbibed. Assuming such imbibition, the relationship between swelling or solvent power and cohesive energy density of solvent is interpreted in terms of interaction between solvated polymer and mixture.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 29 (1958), S. 37-52 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Heats and entropies of dilution of dilute solutions (concentration range 0.2-1.0 g./100 ml.) of cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose nitrate, of similar degrees of substitution and polymerization, in a number of representative solvents, have been obtained from temperature coefficients of osmotic pressure. In some cases, degradation of polymer at the higher temperature used seems possible and an attempt is made to allow for this in the estimation of values of ΔH̄1 and ΔS̄1. Heats of dilution for the cellulose acetate and ethyl cellulose systems are generally endothermal, those for the cellulose nitrate systems being exothermal. Entropies of dilution are less than those obtained for comparable systems containing less polar and more flexible polymers. Those for the cellulose nitrate systems do not differ much from “ideal” values. The value of ΔH̄1/φ22, where φ2 is the volume fraction of polymer calculated from the density of the bare polymer, for each cellulose acetate system and most of the ethyl cellulose systems seems to be effectively independent of concentration. Values for the cellulose nitrate systems seems to be effectively independent of concentration. Values for the cellulose nitrate systems become less negative as the concentration increases. Values of ΔH̄1 for the cellulose acetate and ethyl cellulose systems are generally in the order to be expected from the solubility parameters of the solvents and polymers. ΔS̄1/φ22 may vary with concentration in a manner rather similar to that suggested by simpler lattice theories. These results are tentatively interpreted in terms of solvation of polymer and possible endothermal mixing of solvated polymer and solvent. Although values of the entropy contribution to the interaction parameter χ1 for the cellulose acetate and ethyl cellulose systems are not always inagreement with the predictions of simpler lattice theories it is possible, if solvation, segment size, and chain stiffness are allowed for, that the thermodynamic properties of dilute solutions of cellulose derivatives may be at least qualitatively interpreted in terms of such theories.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 47 (1960), S. 469-478 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Viscosities of dilute solutions of six fractions of a 12.2% N cellulose nitrate, covering a molecular weight range of 68,000 to 224,000, in representative solvents have been determined at temperatures between 18 and 60°C. Values of Q in the expression η =AeQ/RT vary with concentration c and molecular weight M in a manner similar to that previously observed with solutions of ethyl cellulose, but the variation of A with c and M appears to be rather more complex in most cases. Intrinsic viscosities can be related to Q, A, the absolute temperature T, and M. With good solvents negative temperature coefficients of [η] are similar in magnitude to those obtained with cellulose trinitrate, but with poorer solvents the temperature coefficients are smaller. Negative temperature coefficients appear to be primarily due to decreases in the value of (ro2/M) where ro2 is the mean square unperturbed end-to-end distance of the chains. The contribution of the swelling factor α appears to be greater with acetone as solvent, and in all cases values of α3 are greater than those obtained with the trinitrate, suggesting that the chains are less stiff. Values of the exponent a in the expression [η] = KMa decrease with increasing temperature suggesting decreasing chain extension, except in the case of nitrobenzene in which association is probable. The values of a also suggest that the chains are less extended than those of the trinitrate.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 81 (1965), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die adiabatische Kompressibilität verdünnter Lösungen von Cellulosenitrat, Polyisobuten und Polystrol wurde aus Messungen der Schallgeschwindigkeit und der Dichte erhalten. Unter der Annahme, daß Lösungsmittelmoleküle, die and der Solvatation beteiligt sind, effektiv inkompressibel sind, wurden aus der adiabatischen Kompressibilität der Lösungen und Lösungsmittel Solvatationsgrade berechnet. Die Solvatationsgrade von Polyisobuten und Polystyrol sind sehr klein. Die der Cellulosenitrate stimmen der Größenordnung nach im allgemeinen mit den durch andere Methoden erhaltenen überein und zeigen einen merklichen Abfall mit steigender Molekülgröße des Lösungsmittels. Bei Lösungsmitteln kleiner Molekülgröße übersteigt der Solvationsgrad ein Lösungsmittelmolekül pro Nitratgruppe, und Anziehungskräfte können über die erste Schicht stark gebundener Lösungsmittelmoleküle hinausreichen.
    Notizen: Adiabatic compressibilities of dilute solutions of cellulose nitrate, polyisobutene and polystyrene are obtained from measurements of sound velocity and density. Assuming solvent molecules concerned in solvation to be effectively incompressible, degrees of solvation are estimated from the adiabatic compressibilities of the solutions and solvents. Degrees of solvation of polyisobutene and polystyrene are very small. Those of cellulose nitrate are in general agreement, as regards order of magnitude, with those obtained by other methods and show a marked decrease with increasing molecular size of solvent. With solvents of smaller molecular size degrees of solvation exceed one solvent molecule per nitrate group and some attraction may be propagated from a first layer of firmly bound solvent molecules.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 5 (1950), S. 91-109 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 7 (1951), S. 175-189 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The viscosities of dilute solutions (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g. per 100 ml.) of relatively high nitrogen content nitrocelluloses, weight-average molecular weights ca. 100,000, have been studied using homologous series of methyl ketones, alkyl acetates, and dialkyl phthalates as solvents. The simple form of the Huggins equation, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \eta _{sp} /c = [\eta] + k'[\eta]^2 c $\end{document} does not appear to hold, plots of ηsp/c against c being generally curved. The results are capable of expression by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \eta _{sp} /c = A + Bc + Cc^2 $\end{document} where A equals [η] and B the initial slope. Values of B and A appear to be related to solvent power as determined by the volume of hexane required to cause initial phase separation from solution, good solvents giving higher values of B and A than poor. The variation of B with solvent is more marked than that of [η] and may reflect differences in degree of coiling of chains in different solvents. Values of B/[η]2 (Huggins k′) do not generally decrease with solvent power increase. The slopes of Martin plots divided by intrinsic viscosities are not generally related to solvent power in the manner observed by Spurlin with solutions of ethyl cellulose.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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