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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vinyl acetate emulsion polymerizationTaken in part from the thesis of J. T. O'Donnell, submitted June 1956 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 28 (1958), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization at 70°C. using potassium peroxydisulfate as initiator and a partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate as emulsifying agent has been studied. In agreement with the Smith and Ewart scheme for emulsion polymerizations, the polymerization rate was found to be independent of the total monomer amount present and approximately dependent on the 3/5 power of the emulsifier concentration. Instead of a 2/5 power dependence on initiator concentration for the rate of polymerization, a 0.7 power dependence was found. From surface tension measurements an “apparent critical micelle concentration” was determined for aqueous solutions of the emulsifier. However, light scattering studies gave no indication that aggregates of the emulsifier exist in aqueous solutions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1958.1202811615
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monomer and configurational sequence regularity in the 2:1 copolymer of vinyl chloride with sulfur dioxide (1976)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 14 (1976), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1976.130140503
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depropagation reactions in the copolymerization of vinyl chloride and sulfur dioxide (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 15 (1977), S. 659-669 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.130151104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation degradation of polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 2415-2418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070241210
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of gamma radiation on two aromatic polysulfones (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 405-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two aromatic polysulfones, poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) (I) and poly (oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) (II), undergo crosslinking and chain scission at 30°C during γ-irradiation, the former being predominant in vacuum and the latter in air. Both processes occurred more readily in I, which contains isopropylidene linkages. Gel measurements gave G(crosslink) = 0.051, G(scission) = 0.012 for this polymer at 30°C in vacuum. Increased irradiation temperatures resulted in higher crosslinking and gas yields, especially above the glass transition temperature. The tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of I were unaffected by γ-irradiation up to about 50 Mrad in air, but the strength decreased markedly at higher doses. The elongation at break decreased progressively with dose. For both polymers, G(gas) = 0.04 at 30°C with the main products being SO2, H2, CO2, CH4, and H2O.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of gamma radiation on two aromatic polysulfones. II. A comparison of irradiation at various temperatures in air-vacuum environmentsPresented in part at the First Chemical Congress of the North American Continent, Mexico City, December 1975. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2763-2775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The aromatic polysulfone poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneiso-propylidene-1,4-phenylene) (I) showed no change in flexural yield strength after doses of γ-radiation up to 600 Mrad in vacuum at 35,80, and 125°C (Tg = 190°C)). However, the flexural strength decreased markedly with doses above 100 Mrad on irradiation in air, to 40-60% of the initial value after 200-400 Mrad, depending on the sample and the irradiation conditions. Chain crosslinking was predominant over scission for irradiation in vacuum at all temperatures; (G(X), G(S), and G(S)/G(X) increased with the irradiation temperature, but G(S)/G(X) decreased to zero above Tg. Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) (II) behaved similarly, except that the flexural strength was found to be very dependent on the thermal treatment of the sample. This polymer showed a remarkable retention of its mechanical properties on irradiation up to 200°C (Tg = 230°C) in the absence of air, the flexural strength being retained up to 500 Mrad. Radiation annealing occurred at 35°C in vacuum and air and combined radiation and thermal annealing at 125 and 220°C. Progressive removal of surface layers from flexural test bars of I irradiated in air showed that the decrease in flexural strength with dose could be explained by a decrease in the molecular weight towards the surface resulting from radiation-oxidation reactions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230921
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of polystyrene by gamma irradiation: Effect of air on the radiation-induced changes in mechanical and molecular properties (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 425-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Irradiation of 3 mm polystyrene sheet in air at 30°C with γ rays caused a rapid decrease in the tensile and flexural strengths and strains to fracture. These properties were decreased to 50% of their initial values after ca. 80 Mrads and to 25% after ca. 200 Mrads, beyond which dose the rate of change was relatively small. These results contrast with the negligible changes that are observed after 600 Mrads in vacuum. The effect of irradiation in air has been correlated with decreasing molecular weight at the surface, even though crosslinking predominated over the complete sample so that a gel point was reached at a dose slightly in excess of 100 Mrads. Scission and crosslinking yields, G(S) and G(X), were determined as a function of depth by gel permeation chromatography of layers removed progressively from the surface. G(S) decreased and G(X) increased with depth, in accord with the concepts of increased scission by reaction with oxygen and a diffusion effect. Unusual transverse cracking to a limited depth occurred during tensile measurements, a phenomenon that is attributed to the nonuniform molecular weight profile.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240211
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation induced solid state polymerization of derivatives of methacrylic acid. VI. Polymerization of barium methacrylate dihydrate during irradiation (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 122 (1969), S. 186-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das kristalline Dihydrat des Bariummethacrylates wurde durch Einwirkung von Gammastrahlen bei 15-35°C polymerisiert. Man erhielt S-förmig gekrümmte Zeit-Umsatzkurven. Die Induktionsperiode fiel merklich mit steigender Temperatur oder Strahlungsintensität ab. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit (annähernd konstant bei einem Umsatz von 25-75%) stieg mit der Bestrahlungsintensität entsprechend einem Exponenten von etwa 0,5 an, war jedoch nahezu unabängig von der Temperatur. ESR-Spektren zeigten, daß die Radikalkonzentration linear mit der Zeit von Beginn der Bestrahlung an steigt und bei 25°C ebenso wie auch bei 15°C G(Radikale) + 7,6 ± 0,5 ergibt. Während der Polymerisationsperiode fiel die Radikalkonzentration, stieg dann jedoch wieder an. Die Induktionsperiode wird auf einen physikalischen Abfangvorgang wachsender Radikale kurzer Kettenlänge zurückgeführt.
    Notes: Crystalline barium methacrylate dihydrate polymerized during gamma irradiation at 15-35°C. Sigmoidal shaped conversion curves were obtained. The induction period decreased markedly with increase in temperature or dose rate. The polymerization rate(approximately constant from 25-75% conversion) increased with dose rate, corresponding to an exponent of about 0.5, but was almost independent of temperature. ESR spectra showed that the radical concentration increased linearly with time from the commencement of irradiation giving G(radicals) = 7.6 ± 0.5 at 25°C and the same value at 15°C. The radical concentration decreased during the polymerization period, but then increased again. The induction period was attributed to physical trapping of short-chain propagating radicals.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1969.021220114
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of radiation-induced structural changes in nitrile rubber (1996)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 2439-2454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radiation ; nitrile rubber ; NMR ; ESR ; radicals ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of radiation-induced structural changes in nitrile rubber with different acrylonitrile contents were investigated by ESR, NMR, and FTIR. To investigate new structures solid-state NMR methods had to be used due to crosslinking of the irradiated rubbers, and higher probe temperatures were used to obtain better resolution. The radicals generated on the acrylonitrile groups were found to abstract hydrogen from the adjacent butadiene units resulting in the formation of allylic radicals. These allylic radicals reacted to form intermolecular crosslinks and cyclisation. Cyclisation of the butadiene units were found to occur in the initial stages of the irradiation. Radiation yields of radicals increased with acrylonitrile content from 1.42, 1.58, to 2.42 for 18, 30, and 45% acrylonitrile rubbers. The radiation yields for intermolecular crosslinking were higher in rubbers with higher acrylonitrile contents, giving G values of 17.8, 21.3, and 24.5 for 18, 30, and 45% acrylonitrile rubbers, respectively. However, the crosslink clustering was found to be less in the rubbers with a higher acrylonitrile content. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of radiation vulcanization of natural rubber latex sensitized by monoacrylates (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 57 (1995), S. 1155-1171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of radiation vulcanization of natural rubber with 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate (2EHA) monomer was investigated using electron spin resonance spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The primary radicals formed in the arcylate molecule were found to abstract the allylic hydrogens of the polyisoprene. Crossliking may occur through the allylic radicals and/or main chain radicals formed on the polyacrylate. Acrylate was found to concentrate in the rigid regions of the crosslinked rubber indicating heterogeneity and a nonuniform distribution of the acrylate in the latex particles. The addition of the acrylate and the irradiation seems to effect the Brownian motion of the latex particles. Both the viscosity and the NMR peak widths are effected by the irradiation. Addition of 5% 2EHA increases the crosslinking by a factor of 3.6. The thermal stability of the rubber first increases with the dose in the presence of acrylate, but drops at higher doses due to peroxide formation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070571002
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