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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Surface analytical techniques (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 53-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Schlagwort(e): AES ; XPS ; SIMS ; SNMS ; laser Raman microscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Notizen: This review briefly describes some of the techniques available for analysing surfaces and illustrates their usefulness with a few examples. In particular, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), sputter neutral mass spectroscopy (SNMS) and laser Raman spectroscopy are all described. In analysing a surface, AES and XPS would normally be considered first, with AES being applied where high spatial resolution is required and XPS where chemical state information is needed. SIMS and SNMS can be performed together and can detect smaller surface concentrations. Laser Raman spectroscopy is useful for determining molecular bonding. Techniques which give topographic information, such as scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), have not been considered.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050202
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Grain boundary segregation in inconel 600 (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 12 (1988), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Inconel 600 is a nickel-based superalloy which has been shown to exhibit stress corrosion cracking under certain conditions. In general the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is intergranular in nature and hence attention has been focused on the grain boundary microstructure. A series of model alloys was produced with a range of impurity levels. Initially a high-purity base alloy was prepared to which boron, carbon, silicon and phosphorus was added. Alloys were then examined in the mill-annealed state and after a standard thermal ageing treatment. The grain boundary interface was analysed using scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) with the grain boundaries being exposed, only after hydrogen embrittlement, using an in situ tensile stage. The segregation of phosphorus and boron to the grain boundary surface was studied and a number of particles identified at grain boundaries. The effect of the segregants on the mechanical properties of this alloy is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740120304
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Segregation to grain boundaries in nimonic PE16 superalloy (1990)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 16 (1990), S. 552-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Nimonic PE16 alloy is a nickel-based superalloy containing 34 wt.% iron and 16 wt.% chromium with additions of molybdenum, titanium and aluminium. It is used in the fuel assembly of the UK advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR). This component supports significant loads in service and its mechanical integrity is therefore of paramount importance. Mechanical properties may be influenced by the grain size and grain boundary composition, both of which can themselves alter during service. Scanning Auger microscopy is a well-established method for investigating grain boundaries, and has now been applied to the study of PE16. In order to expose PE16 grain boundary surfaces it is necessary to hydrogen charge samples and fracture by pulling in tension at a slow strain rate within the ultra-high vacuum chamber of the Auger microprobe. A series of casts of nimonic PE16 alloy that have received a range of thermal ageing treatments have been fractured in an intergranular manner and the grain boundary composition determined. Segregation of trace and minority elements, particularly Mo and P, has been detected at grain boundaries. Significant variations between different as-manufactured casts were observed, whilst ageing brought about the growth of chromium-rich particles on the grain boundaries. Ductile fracture in PE16 followed a path through Ti(C, N) particles. Many of these particles incorporated large amounts of sulphur.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.7401601114
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ion sputter rates of Cr—Mn—Fe spinel oxides (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 14 (1989), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The oxide which forms on stainless steel is duplex in nature, with an outer spinel covering an inner rhombohedral Cr2O3. The thickness of the oxide is only a few micrometers, even after many thousands of hours of oxidation at high temperatures, and hence surface analytical techniques are required to characterize the oxide. In particular, depth analysis is obtained using the scanning Auger microprobe in conjunction with argon ion bombardment. The etch rates are at present assumed to be the same as that measured using a tantalum oxide standard. To obtain a more accurate measure of sputter rates on the spinel oxides 20%Cr/25%Ni/TiN-strengthened steel has been oxidized and the thickness determined by independent means. These data have then been used to determine the etch rates, which are compared with that on tantalum pentoxide.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740140505
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    XPS analysis of metal grain boundary surfaces (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide a quantitative analysis of the surface and determine the chemical state of elements present. However, until recently the spatial resolution has not been adequate to analyse small particles. As a result, Auger electron spectroscopy has been used to obtain elemental information where good spatial resolution is required. Analysis of grain boundary surfaces has therefore been restricted to this technique, with the result that no chemical-state information has been obtained relating to the elements present on the grain boundary. This paper describes results in which grain boundary surfaces exposed in an imaging XPS instrument have been analysed using XPS. In particular, tin and phosphorus are shown to segregate to the grain boundary surface in the elemental state.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740230303
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the Time-Dependence of the Force in Tests of impact sensitivityDedicated to Ministerialrat Dr. Heinz Freiwald, Bonn, on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1976)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 1 (1976), S. 50-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In order to characterize the small fall-hammer of BAM (Bundesanstalt fur Materialprüfung) its mechanical properties were determined. Using the theory of the forces between two colliding bodies expressions were derived to describe the tester which were validated by the experimental measurements. I t was found that forces of up to 21 kN were transmitted to the anvil (for 1 kg weight dropping through 0,s m) and that the impact times ranged from about 150 f i s for the small weights to about 500 f i s for the large weights. It was also found that in addition to the expected kinetic energy dependence of the forces on the anvil there was also a dependence on the actual weight used.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19760010303
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Shock-Wave measurements in water for calibrating the BICT-Gap Test (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 7 (1982), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: By means of shock-wave measurements it was possible to calibrate the BICT-gap test. The relation between the height of the gap and the shock-wave peak pressure at the end of the gap is described. From other considerations the range where the test can be used, can be obtained. BICT-gap test will be used to test explosives whose critical diameters do not exceed 20 mm and which will be initiated by shockwave pressures from 7 kbar to 60 kbar. The test method can be regarded as a small scale-gap test for military explosives.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19820070402
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