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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 21 (1985), S. 150-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Bacteriophage T7 ; DNA sequence analysis ; Codon usage ; Molecular evolution ; Synonymous codons ; RNY codons ; Restriction sites ; tRNA ; Pretermination codons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We searched the complete 39,936 base DNA sequence of bacteriophage T7 for nonrandomness that might be attributed to natural selection. Codon usage in the 50 genes of T7 is nonrandom, both over the whole code and among groups of synonymous codons. There is a great excess of purineany base-pyrimidine (RNY) codons. Codon usage varies between genes, but from the pooled data for the whole genome (12,145 codons) certain putative selective constraints can be identified. Codon usage appears to be influenced by host tRNA abundance (particularly in highly expressed genes), tRNA-mRNA interactions (one such interaction being perhaps responsible for maintaining the excess of RNY codons) and a lack of short palindromes. This last constraint is probably due to selection against host restriction enzyme recognition sites; this is the first report of an effect of this kind on codon usage. Selection against susceptibility to mutational damage does not appear to have been involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 37 (1993), S. 441-456 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecular clocks ; Rodents ; Genome evolution ; G + C content ; Codon usage ; Dinucleotide mutation effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As a paradigm of mammalian gene evolution, the nature and extent of DNA sequence divergence between homologous protein-coding genes from mouse and rat have been investigated. The data set examined includes 363 genes totalling 411 kilobases, making this by far the largest comparison conducted between a single pair of species. Mouse and rat genes are on average 93.4% identical in nucleotide sequence and 93.9% identical in amino acid sequence. Individual genes vary substantially in the extent of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution, as expected from protein evolution studies; here the variation is characterized. The extent of synonymous (or silent) substitution also varies considerably among genes, though the coefficient of variation is about four times smaller than for nonsynonymous substitutions. A small number of genes mapped to the X-chromosome have a slower rate of molecular evolution than average, as predicted if molecular evolution is “male-driven.” Base composition at silent sites varies from 33% to 95% G + C in different genes; mouse and rat homologues differ on average by only 1.7% in silent-site G + C, but it is shown that this is not necessarily due to any selective constraint on their base composition. Synonymous substitution rates and silent site base composition appear to be related (genes at intermediate G + C have on average higher rates), but the relationship is not as strong as in our earlier analyses. Rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution are correlated, apparently because of an excess of substitutions involving adjacent pairs of nucleotides. Several factors suggest that synonymous codon usage in rodent genes is not subject to selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 525-536 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Codon usage ; Mutation bias ; Rickettsia prowazekii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Codon usage and base composition in sequences from the A + T-rich genome ofRickettsia prowazekii, a member of the alpha Proteobacteria, have been investigated. Synonymous codon usage patterns are roughly similar among genes, even though the data set includes genes expected to be expressed at very different levels, indicating that translational selection has been ineffective in this species. However, multivariate statistical analysis differentiates genes according to their G + C contents at the first two codon positions. To study this variation, we have compared the amino acid composition patterns of 21R. prowazekii proteins with that of a homologous set of proteins fromEscherichia coli. The analysis shows that individual genes have been affected by biased mutation rates to very different extents: genes encoding proteins highly conserved among other species being the least affected. Overall, protein coding and intergenic spacer regions have G + C content values of 32.5% and 21.4%, respectively. Extrapolation from these values suggests thatR. prowazekii has around 800 genes and that 60–70% of the genome may be coding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1986), S. 28-38 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Codon usage ; Synonymous substitution rate ; Codon Adaptation Index ; Enterobacterial genes ; G+C content ; Theoretical models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Observed patterns of synonymous codon usage are explained in terms of the joint effects of mutation, selection, and random drift. Examination of the codon usage in 165Escherichia coli genes reveals a consistent trend of increasing bias with increasing gene expression level. Selection on codon usage appears to be unidirectional, so that the pattern seen in lowly expressed genes is best explained in terms of an absence of strong selection. A measure of directional synonymous-codon usage bias, the Codon Adaptation Index, has been developed. In enterobacteria, rates of synonymous substitution are seen to vary greatly among genes, and genes with a high codon bias evolve more slowly. A theoretical study shows that the patterns of extreme codon bias observed for someE. coli (and yeast) genes can be generated by rather small selective differences. The relative plausibilities of various theoretical models for explaining nonrandom codon usage are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 37 (1993), S. 399-407 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Enterobacteria ; Proteobacteria ; Molecular phylogenetics ; recA gene ; RecA protein ; G + C content ; Codon usage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The DNA sequences of the recA gene from 25 strains of bacteria are known. The evolution of these recA gene sequences, and of the derived RecA protein sequences, is examined, with special reference to the effect of variations in genomic G + C content. From the aligned RecA protein sequences, phylogenetic trees have been drawn using both distance matrix and maximum parsimony methods. There is a broad concordance between these trees and those derived from other data (largely 16S ribosomal RNA sequences). There is a fair degree of certainty in the relationships among the “Purple” or Proteobacteria, but the branching pattern between higher taxa within the eubacteria cannot be reliably resolved with these data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 13-22 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Transfer RNAs ; Codon usage ; Bacteriophage T4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Patterns of codon usage in certain coliphages are adapted to expression inEscherichia coli. Bacteriophage T4 may be an exception to test the rule, as it produces eight tRNAs with specificities that are otherwise rare inE. coli. A database of all known T4 DNA sequences has been compiled, comprising 174 genes and a total of 115 kb (approximately 70% of the T4 genome). Codon usage has been examined in all T4 genes; some of these are known to be expressed before, and some after, the production of phage tRNAs. The results show two different patterns of codon usage: by comparison with the early genes, the late genes exhibit a shift in preference toward those codons recognized by the phage-encoded tRNAs. The T4 tRNAs translate A-ending codons, and it is possible that the phage acquired the tRNA genes because the mutation bias of the T4 DNA polymerase forces the T4 genome toward A+T-richness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of tantalum coatings on steel by vacuum plasma sprayingIn this work the possibilities of the production of tantalum coatings by vacuum plasma spraying were investigated.Suitable parameters of the vacuum plasma spraying process were determined, and the quality of vacuum plasma sprayed tantalum coatings was evaluated with regard to chemical composition, adhesion strength, density and corrosion behaviour. To obtain high-quality coatings it was necessary to apply sufficient plasma power as well as an optimal injection of spraying powder into the plasma torch. A complete melting of the tantalum powder particles could not he achieved. The coatings obtained showed a good adhesion strength but a low formability (ductility).The corrosion resistance against HCL and HNO3 was evaluated by curves of the current density versus potential. With the aid of the passive current density it was determined that the corrosion resistance of the sprayed coatings was not as excellent as of compact tantalum. The increased surface roughness was not significant with respect to the corrosion behaviour.The reduced corrosion resistance could be caused probably by a high oxygen content of the tantalum powder, especially by oxides around individual powder particles.In contrast to tantalum, vacuum plasma sprayed titanium coatings showed the same corrosion resistance as compact titanium under the same testing conditions.
    Notes: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Tantalbeschichtungen durch Vakuumplasmaspritzen untersucht. Neben den Arbeiten zur Ermittlung geeigneter Beschichtungsbedingungen erfolgte eine Qualitätsbewertung der Tantalspritzschichten u. a. hinsichtlich chemischer Zusammensetzung, Haftfestigkeit, Dichte und Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Zur Erzielung qualitativ hochwertiger Schichten ist neben einer ausreichenden Plasmaleistung eine optimale Injektion des Spritzpulvers erforderlich. Ein vollständiges Aufschmelzen der Tantalpartikel war nicht erreichbar. Die erzielten Spritzschichten wiesen bei geringer Verformbarkeit eine gute Haftfestigkeit auf. Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit in einer Säuremischung aus HCl und HNO3 wurde durch Aufnahme von Stromdichte-Potentialkurven bewertet. Anhand der Passivstromdichte wurde festgestellt, daß die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von kompaktem Tantal nicht erreicht werden konnte. Die erhöhte Oberflächenrauhigkeit spielt dabei eine untergeordnete Rolle. Als mögliche Ursache der verringerten Korrosionsbeständigkeit wird ein erhöhter Sauerstoffgehalt im Spritzpulver angesehen.Ergänzend durchgeführte Untersuchungen an Titan ergaben, daß eine Titanspritzschicht sich hinsichtlich des Korrosionsverhaltens unter den gewählten Prüfbedingungen vom kompakten Titan nicht unterscheidet.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Degradation of bondcontacts in chip-on-board microelectronic assembliesThe degradation of bondcontacts in Chip-on-Board assemblies under thermic and corrosive stresses were investigated. Degree for quantity of degradation was the changing of the electrical resistance of the bondcontacts. Connections between the silicon die and the substrate (printed circuit board) were manufactured using the well-known ultrasonic bonding process. The PCB's were plated with functional surfaces of Ni and Au by electrolytic or electroless/immersion methods. The deposition method and the thickness of the gold surface have an important influence in the degradation of bondcontacts under thermic and corrosive stresses. The results show that compared to electroless/immersion gold surfaces wire bonds on thick electrolytic deposited gold surfaces (≥ 1.5 μm) tend much faster to degradation.
    Notes: An Chip-on-Board (COB)-Aufbauten wurde die Degradation (Funktionsminderung) von mikroelektronischen Drahtbondverbindungen unter thermischer und korrosiver Belastung untersucht. Als Maß der Degradation wurde die Veränderung des elektrischen Widerstandes verfolgt. Die Bondverbindung zwischen dem Si-Halbleiterchip und dem Substrat (Leiterplatte) wurde mil dem bekannten Ultraschalldrahtbondverfahren realisiert. Die Metallisierung der Leiterbahnen erfolgte durch galvanische oder außenstromlose Abscheidung der funktionellen Schichten Nickel und Gold. Das Degradationsverhalten unter korrosiver und/odor thermischer Belastung hängt wesentlich von der Art der Schichtabscheidung (Ahscheideverfahren, Schichtdicken) der Ni- und Au-Schichten ab. Bondkontakte auf galvanisch aufgebrachten dicken Goldschichten (≥ 1,5 μm) führen nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen bedeutend schneller zur Degradation als auf außenstromlos abgeschiedenen, dünnen (etwa 0,1 μm) Flashgold-Schichten.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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