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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditioned temperature effects using amphetamine as the unconditioned stimulus (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 96-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioning ; Amphetamine ; Body temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three groups of male Wistar rats received daily IP injections of either 1, 2 or 5 mg/kg amphetamine at 11∶5h; a fourth group received saline injections throughout. Rectal temperature was measured in the home cage, in a preinjection environment in which animals were placed for a period of time before the daily injection, and in an injection environment in which animals remained following the injection. Conditioned hyperthermia, a response that mimicked the unconditioned effect of amphetamine, was elicited by cues of the injection environment both during conditioning and after the drug-free period. During conditioning, hypothermia occurred at 10∶30 h regardless of where the animals were, but could not be elicited at other times of day. The results with amphetamine parallel those found previously with morphine (Eikelboom and Stewart 1979, 1981).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433511
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditioned temperature effects using morphine as the unconditioned stimulus (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioning ; Morphine ; Body temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The conditioning of body temperature changes using an injection of morphine sulphate as the conditioned stimulus was studied in 30 male Wistar rats. Three groups of animals received daily i.p. injections of either 5, 25, or an increasing dose to 200 mg/kg morphine; a fourth group received saline injections throughout. Rectal temperature was measured in three different environments five times during the day: in a neutral environment, the home cage; in a pre-injection environment, in which animals were placed for a period before the daily injection; and in an injection environment, in which animals remained after the injection. Conditioning trials were followed by a period of abstinence from morphine. Tests for conditioned effects were carried out both during conditioning and after the period of abstinence. During conditioning, animals in the morphine groups, when compared to the saline control animals, showed a conditioned anticipatory hypothermia in the preinjection environment that was opposite in direction to the unconditioned hyperthermia to morphine. In contrast, in the injection environment, animals in the morphine groups showed a conditioned hyperthermia when tested after the period of abstinence. These results suggest a complex interaction between the conditioned and unconditioned temperature responses to morphine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426807
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal and environmental cues in conditioned hypothermia and hyperthermia associated with morphine (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 72 (1981), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioning ; Morphine ; Body temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of temporal and environmental cues in eliciting conditioned hypothermia and hyperthermia was studied in male Wistar rats using as an unconditioned stimulus an IP injection of 20 mg/kg of morphine sulfate. The relevance of temporal stimuli was minimized in Experiment 1 by administering morphine at irregular times on alternate days. For one group (Cond) morphine injections were preceded and followed by periods in distinctive environments. Group Pseudo animals, though exposed to the environments, received morphine on the intervening days in the home cage; group Saline received only saline. All animals receiving morphine showed a non-specific hypothermia when not under the direct influence of morphine. A “conditioned hyperthermia” was evident in group Cond animals in the distinctive environments. In Experiment 2, in which animals remained in their home cages at all times, the releavance of temporal cues was emphasized by administering morphine at exactly 24 h intervals. These animals became hypothermic only around the time of the expected injection. Animals in another group that received morphine at irregular times showed the non-specific hypothermia seen previously. There was no evidence for a conditioned hyperthermia in this second experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431648
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of both conditioning and sensitization of the behavioral activating effects of amphetamine is blocked by the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sensitization ; Conditioning ; Stimulants ; MK-801 ; Locomotor activity ; NMDA receptor antagonist ; Amphetamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, has been shown to block the development of sensitization of the behavioral activating effects of amphetamine. Three experiments were designed to determine in rats whether MK-801 had its effects through interference with long-term changes underlying sensitization, per se, or through interference with the development of conditioning of the drug effect to the environment where the drug was given. In experiment 1, conditioning was promoted by explicitly pairing amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg, IP) with the testing environment. In experiment 2, a random-pairing procedure was used to eliminate the possibility of association between the drug and a specific context. Experiment 3 was carried out to assess the duration of the blockade of sensitization by MK-801. The effect of MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg, IP) during amphetamine pre-exposure was studied in tests for conditioning (following saline injections, experiment 1) and in tests for sensitization (following 0.75 mg/kg amphetamine, experiments 1, 2 and 3). It was found in experiment 1 that MK-801 given with amphetamine during the amphetamine pre-exposure phase blocked the development of both conditioning activity and environment-specific sensitization to amphetamine. The results of experiment 2, showing that sensitization to amphetamine was blocked by MK-801 even when conditioning was prevented, suggest that the two effects of MK-801 are independent, and may implicate different sites of action. Experiment 3 showed that the blockade of sensitization by MK-801 was evident in tests made 10 days after pre-exposure to amphetamine, supporting the view that MK-801 interferes with long-term changes underlying sensitization to amphetamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246961
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal factors in the effect of restraint stress on morphine-induced behavioral sensitization in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 102-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioning ; Locomotor activity ; Morphine ; Mesocorticolimbic dopamine system ; Opioids ; Stress ; Ventral tegmental area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of associative factors in the effect of 15 min/day of restraint stress on morphine-induced behavioral sensitization was examined. Male rats were initially given seven systemic (10 µg/kg, IP) or intraventral tegmental area (VTA, 5 mg/side) injections of morphine, and were exposed to restraint, either just prior to drug injection (Paired-Stress) or 24 h after injection (Unpaired-Stress), or to no restraint (Control). In subsequent tests for behavioral sensitization to low doses of morphine (0.75 or 3.0mg/kg, IP), animals in the Paired-Stress condition were more active than animals in the Unpaired-Stress or Control conditions. These results indicate that temporal and possibly associative factors may contribute to stress-induced changes in sensitization to the behavioral activating effects of opioids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245104
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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