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  • Engineering General  (4)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (2)
  • Confocal laser scanning microscopy  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 2 (1998), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Strahlenkaries ; In-vitro-Demineralisation ; Konfokale Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie ; Key words Radiation caries ; In vitro demineralisation ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Objective: The volume of literature on radiation-induced caries is still inconsistent as regards the state of the art. Our histotomographic studies have shown direct radiogenic effects on the dentoenamel junction (atrophy of the odontoblast processes). Whether there are direct effects of radiation on dental enamel is not yet known. Material and Method: Sound teeth (group 1, n = 10) were compared either with enamel specimens after high dose in vitro radiation (500– 2500 Gy; group 2; n = 10) and after experimental enoral in situ irradiation (60 Gy; group 3; n = 20), or with teeth from patients after cancer radiotherapy (36 Gy; group 4; n = 20) and with teeth which had obviously decayed due to cancer radiotherapy (60 Gy; group 5; n = 20). Vestibular enamel surfaces of the teeth were exposed to identical in vitro demineralizations (lactic acid gel; pH = 5.0). Each of the samples was prospectively studied histologically by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after 90, 180 and 270 min of acid interaction. Data were interpreted micromorphometrically (width of the demineralized area) and micromorphologically. Results: The width of the demineralized area varies between the two in vivo irradiated groups of specimens (group 4: P 〈 0.01; group 5: P 〈 0.001) and the high dose in vitro irradiated teeth (P 〈 0.01) and is significantly different from the sound controls. The histological image of the demineralization in subsurface areas in the teeth of radiotherapy patients is characterized by a total loss of the prismatic structure (homogeneously, amorphous substance). Conclusions: Direct radiogenic effects at the dentoenamel junction have been described earlier. The additional information offered by this study is that there are significant micromorphometric differences in the demineralizing behaviour of irradiated enamel. Obviously, enamel is less resistant to acid attack after irradiation.
    Notes: Fragestellung: Das umfangreiche Schrifttum zur Strahlenkaries zeigt den kontroversen Forschungsstand. Eigene Untersuchungen haben direkt radiogene Veränderungen an der Schmelz-Dentin-Grenze histotomographisch nachweisen können (Atrophie der Odontoblastenfortsätze). Offen ist die Frage nach direkten Strahlenfolgen im Schmelz. Material und Methode: Gesunde Zähne (Gr. 1, n = 10) wurden mit Proben nach hochdosierter In-vitro- (500–2500 Gy, Gr. 2, n = 20) und nach experimentell-enoraler In-situ-Bestrahlung (60 Gy, Gr. 3, n = 20) sowie mit Zähnen von Patienten nach präoperativer Strahlentherapie (36 Gy, Gr. 4, n = 20) und strahlenkariösen Zähnen nach tumortherapeutischer Strahlendosis (60 Gy, Gr. 5, n = 20) verglichen. Im direkten Parallelgruppenvergleich erfolgte eine standardisierte In-vitro-Demineralisierung (Milchsäuregel pH 5,0) an den vestibulären Schmelzoberflächen. Jede Probe wurde prospektiv histologisch durch konfokale Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie (CLSM) nach 90, 180 und 270 min Entmineralisierung untersucht. Die Auswertung erfolgte mikromorphometrisch (Breite des Demineralisationssaums) und mikromorphologisch. Ergebnisse: Die Breite des Demineralisationssaums unterschied sich sowohl bei beiden in vivo bestrahlten Probengruppen (Gr. 4: p 〈 0,01; Gr. 5: p 〈 0,001) als auch bei den hochdosiert in vitro bestrahlten Zähnen (p 〈 0,01) signifikant von den Befunden der gesunden Kontrollen. Das histologische Bild der Demineralisation an den Zahnoberflächen von Radiotherapiepatienten zeigte dabei einen völligen Verlust der Prismenstruktur (homogen amorphe Substanz). Schlußfolgerungen: Direkte Strahlenfolgen an der Schmelz-Dentin-Grenze wurden in früheren Untersuchungen dargestellt. Zusätzlich konnten jetzt signifikante mikromorphometrische Unterschiede im Demineralisierungsverhalten des bestrahlten Schmelzes gezeigt werden. Offensichtlich ist der Schmelz nach der Bestrahlung für einen Säureangriff weniger resistent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: FEM ; stability analysis ; algorithms ; shell structures ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The investigation of the non-linear response of shell-like structures requires insight into stability behaviour. In the paper we compare two strategies to compute singular points based on different eigenvalue problems. We show a simple algorithm to calculate critical load factors A used in engineering buckling analysis from the eigenvalues of the standard eigenvalue problem (KT - ω1) ϕ = 0. Some numerical examples illustrate the derived results and algorithms.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1436-3771
    Keywords: Key words Dentine ; enamel junction ; Odontoblast processes ; Dentinal tubules ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The translucency of teeth allows the non-destructive subsurface visualisation of their microstructure by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at a level of about 150 μm below the surface. The dentine–enamel junction (DEJ) is accessible only directly adjacent to the cervix of the tooth. Therefore teeth have to be sectioned for studying marginal areas of the dental hard tissue. The potential of the technique for (pseudo) three-dimensional visualisation allows the study of an array of individual confocal images, the interpretation of which is similar to that of macroscopic tomographs (CT-scan, MRI). Additionally, the extended focus mode yields the overlay of individual confocal images in the form of a two-dimensional projection. This mode of operation proved to be particularly suited for the visualisation of odontoblast processes in their whole extension. The three-dimensional junction between enamel and dentine, the branches of the odontoblast processes and their interactions with the DEJ is demonstrable by CLSM without staining or other procedures of sample preparation. The direct microscopic comparison between samples, either fresh or kept in a humid chamber, and Technovit-embedded sample blocks gives evidence that the risk of artefacts by sample storage or by the embedding procedure is minimal. The tomographs limited to subsurface areas of the tissue also exclude mechanical surface artefacts due to grinding or cutting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1455-1471 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The axisymmetric behaviour of geometrically non-linear elastic shells of revolution with finite rotations is discussed. In contrast to the approach of Reissner and to standard classical shell theories a new straightforward strategy is derived for the formulation of fully non-linear strain measures in the axisymmetric case. Within this approach the computation of the deformed director vector d is a main assumption which is essential to describe the fully non-linear bending behaviour. A Total Lagrangian Description is chosen to represent the large displacements. As an illustrative example the finite element formulation for a simple two-node conical element is given. A consistent linearization of the weak form leads to a quadratically convergence behaviour. The discussed shell examples under proportional loading show the good performance of the derived finite element formulation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 3019-3039 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In engineering applications often problems with symmetric system and symmetric loading occur. It is well known that these symmetry conditions can be used to reduce the computational effort. Thus, only a symmetric reduced system is treated with sufficient boundary and loading conditions. Especially for non-linear problems this procedure is very effective. Such a strategy allows the computation of solution paths with the constraint that the solution has to be symmetric. Consequently in a stability analysis, only limit points and bifurcation points with associated symmetrical eigenvectors can be found. Often the stability behaviour is dominated by symmetry-breaking bifurcation points which cannot be detected considering only the tangent stiffness matrix of the reduced system. Hence, in case of stability considerations a calculation of the complete system is necessary. This paper introduces a special form of stability analysis of the complete system using only certain matrices known from the symmetric reduced system, and some transformations concerning the topology of the total system. The proposed methods base on a substructure technique for symmetry under reflections and rotations, and are formulated for the finite element method. Numerical examples are given to show the efficiency of the proposed procedures and algorithms.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1979), S. 244-253 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The very complex isomerization patterns of methoxy and carbomethoxy substituted cycloalkanes (3- to 7-membered rings) have been investigated using collisional activation, metastable ion characteristics and field ionization kinetics. The extent of isomerization depends on both the ring size and the substituent. Irrespective of the electronic properties of the substituent, ring opening involves exclusively the C-1—C-2 bond whereby linear alkene radical cations are formed. In the case of OCH3- and COOCH3 substituents the position of the resulting double bond (terminal or α,β-unsaturated) is determined more by the ring size of the precursor molecules and less by the electronic properties of the substituents. Contrary to these findings alklyl substituted cycloalkanes (3- to 5-membered rings) rearrange exclusively to terminal alkene radical cations. The barrier for double bond isomerization seems to be substantially influenced by substituents.
    Notes: Unter Benutzung mehrerer Techniken, wie Stoßaktivierung, Charakteristik metastabiler Ionen und Feldionisationskinetik, wird das äußerst komplexe Isomerisierungsverhalten von methoxy- und caarbomethoxysubstituierten Cycloalkanen (drei-bis siebengliedrege Ringe) analysiert. Das Ausmaß der Isomerisierung hängt sowohl von der Ringgröße als auch vom Substituenten ab, während die Ringöffnung unabhängig von den elektronischen Eigenschaften der Substituenten immer die C-1—C-2-Bindung betrifft. Hierbei werden ausschließlich lineare Alken-Radikalkationen erzeugt. Bei OCH3- und COOCH3-Substituenten wird die Lage der resultierenden Doppelbindung terminal oder α,β-ungesättigt hauptsächlich durch die Ringgröße des Cycloalkan-Molekülions und weniger durch den Substituenten beeinfluß. Alkylsubstituierte Cycloalkane (drei- bis fünfgliedrige Ringe) lagern sich allerdings nur zu terminalen Alken-Radikalkationen um. Die Barriere der Doppelbindungswanderung scheint vom Substituenten abhängig zsu sein.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 37 (1994), S. 1009-1025 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we discuss the theoretical and numerical formulation of 3-D Trefitz elements. Starting from the variational principle with the so-called hybrid stress method, the trial functions for the stresses have to fulfil the Beltrami equations, which means also the compatibility equations for the strains. The divergence theorem can be applied, and one arrives at a pure boundary formulation in the sense of the Trefftz method. Besides the resulting variational formulation, different regularizations of the interelement conditions are investigated by numerical tests. Two examples show the numerical efficiency of the derived elements. First, a geometric linear 3-D example is presented to show the effects on distorted element meshes. The third example shows the geometrically non-linear analysis of a shallow cylindrical shell segment under a singe load.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 17 (1986), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Raman excitation profiles (REPs) for bands of carotenoid and chlorophyll b (Chl b) from whole cells of green algae at low temperatures are presented. In addition to preventing thermal destruction of the samples during long-term irradiation, the use of a double channel surface scanning technique allowed the recording of the Raman spectrum of a non-resonating substance such as acetone suitable as an intensity reference at the same time. The measured REPs are compared with the absorption spectrum of whole cells at low temperatures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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