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  • Cytoskeleton  (4)
  • Microtubules  (4)
  • Megagametophyte  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 88-96 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Pollen activation ; Generative cell ; Vegetative cell ; Cytoskeleton
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Both the internal anatomy and the external morphology of the mature pollen grain of Aloe ciliaris have been studied, together with the cytological changes occurring during pollen activation. In mature pollen, the generative cell (GC) and the vegetative nucleus (VN) are closely associated with each other, and both can be found in the central part of the grain. In the generative cytoplasm, some organelles and microtubular bundles are present. In the vegetative cell, dictyosomes, stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, ribosomes, and masses of fibrillar material have been described. During pollen activation, important changes occur in both the generative and vegetative cells (VC). In the GC, the microtubular bundles become clearly visible, and the GC and VC gradually move towards the germ pore. The RER cisterns become free from the stacks, and organelles, such as dictyosomes, become very active. The fibrillar masses gradually decrease in number, and the individual fibrils become more evident and clearer in resolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 64-71 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Generative cell ; Isolation ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Upon squashing of the pollen grain, the isolated generative cell ofNicotiana tabacum looses its spindle shape to become spherical; this phenomenon is independent of the sucrose concentration used. The time necessary for this change can vary from 1 min (0% sucrose) to 20 min (30% sucrose). The microtubular cytoskeleton was studied by means of immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Just after isolation, 5 to 15 clearly visible bundles in microtubules organized in a basket-like structure are present. After 15 min in medium with 15% sucrose, the microtubular cytoskeleton disappears, and a diffusely spread tubulin can be observed. Neither the addition of 10–20 μM taxol to the medium, nor the omission of Ca2+ to the medium has any effect on the changes in cell shape and loss of microtubular bundles after isolation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 208-216 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Megagametophyte ; Synergids ; Brassica campestris ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In Brassica campestris, both synergids of the ovule degenerate before the arrival of the pollen tube. Synergid degeneration does not depend on pollination. At the non-degenerated stage, the synergids are completely filled with a complexly organized cytoplasm containing numerous mitochondria with many cristae, a large number of dictyosomes with many associated vesicles, and a very extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. The degenerative changes that occur in the cytoplasm of the synergids are characterized by a loss of visibility of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and the simultaneous formation of dense deposits on the surrounding membranes of the mitochondria. Locally, the plasma membranes of the synergids disappear, and some ground plasma of the synergids penetrates into the space between the plasma membranes of the egg cell and the central cell.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Female germ unit ; Nicotiana ; Megagametophyte ; Organelle movement ; Video microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Living embryo sacs and megagametophytic cells of Nicotiana alata and Nicotiana tabacum were obtained using enzymatic maceration and microdissection. The yields of isolated embryo sacs, egg apparatus and central cells were up to 35%, 40% and 35%, respectively. Vectorial movement of organelles and undulations of tubular structures, presumably endoplasmic reticulum, were observed in eggs, synergids and central cells using video-enhanced microscopy. Despite evident viability using the fluorochromatic reaction, the egg displays much less organelle movement and therefore appears to be quiescent. The large vacuole of the central cell is traversed by mobile strands of cytoplasm through which organelles migrate. A polygonal network is located at the periphery of the central cell, which may contribute to anchorage of the cell with the embryo-sac wall. The observation of organelle movement provides direct evidence of the condition of the cell and may be a useful approach for assessing cell vigor.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 223-227 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Pollen ; Generative cell ; Cytoskeleton ; Motility ; Myosin immunogold labelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In pollen grains of Convallaria majalis the outer membrane of the generative cell (GC) is the inner membrane of the vegetative cell (VC). Striped projections (SP) at the cytoplasmic face of the outer membrane of the GC were revealed by chemical fixation and also by a rapid freeze-fixation and freeze-substitution. The projections, located in groups on the protruding lobes of the GC, were arranged parallel to each other and were equally spaced (40 nm apart). The length of the SP, estimated from grazing sections of GC, was 400 nm. Each projection was composed of T-shaped elements, about 35 nm high, spaced at an average distance of 25 nm. SP were observed in mature, hydrated, activated and germinated pollen grains and seemed to be associated with microtubules and microfilaments of the VC. No evidence exists yet of SP on the sperm cell membrane. Immunogold labelling with anti-myosin antibodies showed many gold particles attached preferentially to the surface of the protruding lobes of the GC in the area of the projections. These results may suggest that the SP of Convallaria GC contain myosin-like protein and play an important role in the motility of the GC during pollen tube growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cell division ; Confocal microscopy ; Convallaria majalis ; Generative cell ; Liliaceae ; Microtubules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the generative cell ofConvallaria majalis has been studied during migration of the cell through the pollen tube and its division into the two sperm cells. Analysis by conventional or confocal laser scanning microscopy after tubulin staining was used to investigate changes of the microtubule cytoskeleton during generative-cell migration and division in the pollen tube. Staining of DNA with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole was used to correlate the rearrangement of microtubules with nuclear division during sperm cell formation. Before pollen germination the generative cell is spindle-shaped, with microtubules organized in bundles and distributed in the cell cortex to form a basketlike structure beneath the generative-cell plasma membrane. During generative-cell migration through the pollen tube, the organization of the microtubule bundles changes following nuclear division. A typical metaphase plate is not usually formed. The generative-cell division is characterized by the extension of microtubules concomitant with a significant cell elongation. After karyokinesis, microtubule bundles reorganize to form a phragmoplast between the two sperm nuclei. The microtubule organization during generative-cell division inConvallaria majalis shows some similarities but also differences to that in other members of the Liliaceae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 150 (1989), S. 54-71 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Generative cell ; Microtubules ; Mitosis ; Cytokinesis ; Pollen ; Sperm ; Tradescantia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Cytoskeletal organization and chromosome behavior were studied inTradescantia generative cells prior to and during sperm formation using in vitro grown pollen tubes and fluorescence staining methods. Before pollen germination, the crescent-shaped generative cell contains a reticulate microtubule (Mt) system. The cell elongates dramatically after germination, and its Mts assume a helical to longitudinal arrangement. Chromosome condensation is evident approximately 3hr after germination. Kinetochores appear as dark interruptions in the Mt array, and thus seem to attach directly to interphase fibers. No metaphase plate typical of other cells is observed with either DAPI or anti-tubulin staining. Instead, the chromosomes adopt a twisted or braided arrangement, with kinetochores distributed along the length of the cell and kinetochore fibers linked to each other and to surrounding fibers. Anaphase is characterized by a staggered, overlapping separation of chromosomes and by elongation of Mt branches connecting opposing kinetochore fibers. Cytokinesis appears to utilize a furrowing process; a phragmoplast or cell plate was never seen. As a result of these events, the sperm directly inherit their cytoskeleton from generative cell Mts involved in division. No actin fibers are observed at any stage using rhodamine-phalloidin staining. The results are discussed in terms of other reports on sperm formation, possible mitotic and cytokinetic mechanisms, and past distinctions between Mt arrays in higher plant somatic cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 140 (1987), S. 141-150 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cytoskeleton ; Freeze substitution ; Nicotiana ; Pollen tubes ; Rapid freeze fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the cytoskeleton inNicotiana alata pollen tubes grownin vitro has been examined after rapid freeze fixation and freeze substitution (RF-FS). Whereas cytoplasmic microtubules (MTs) and especially microfilaments (MFs) are infrequently observed after conventional chemical fixation, they occur in all samples prepared by RF-FS. Cortical MTs are oriented parallel to the long axis of the pollen tube and usually appear evenly spaced around the circumference of the cell. They are always observed with other components in a structural complex that includes the following: 1. a system of MFs, in which individual elements are aligned along the sides of the MTs and crossbridged to them; 2. a system of cooriented tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lying beneath the MTs, and 3. the plasma membrane (PM) to which the MTs appear to be extensively linked. The cortical cytoskeleton is thus structurally complex, and contains elements such as MFs and ER that must be considered together with the MTs in any attempt to elucidate cytoskeletal function. MTs are also observed within the vegetative cytoplasm either singly or in small groups. Observations reveal that some of these may be closely associated with the envelope of the vegetative nucleus. MTs of the generative cell, in contrast to those of the vegetative cytoplasm, occur tightly clustered in bundles and show extensive cross-bridging. These bundles, especially in the distal tail of the generative cell, are markedly undulated. MFs are observed commonly in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell. They occur in bundles oriented predominantly parallel to the pollen tube axis. Although proof is not provided, we suggest that they are composed of actin and are responsible for generating the vigorous cytoplasmic streaming characteristic of living pollen tubes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 154 (1990), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cytoskeleton ; Male gamete ; Motility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Microtubules tightly cross-linked into bundles are described in the sperm cells ofBrassica oleracea pollen tubes. The sperm cells are lobed and “tailed” and the microtubule bundles are often located in these parts of the cells. In the present paper we suggest that the cross-linked microtubule organization could determine an intertubular sliding, probably generating a motility system that propels the sperm cells through the tube.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Pollen tube ; Microtubules ; Cellular division ; Generative cell ; Sperm cells
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The microtubular cytoskeleton of the generative cell (GC) ofHyacinthus orientalis has been studied until the formation of the sperm cells (SCs). Immunofluorescence procedures in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) has enabled the visualization of the organization of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Chemical fixation and freeze-fixation electron microscopy have been used to investigate the cytoskeleton and the ultrastructural organization of the GC and SCs. During pollen activation the GC is spindle-shaped. Microtubules (MTs) are organized as bundles and distributed in proximity of the GC plasmamembrane, forming a basket-like structure. Following migration through the pollen tube, the basket-like structure becomes more intertwined. During the nuclear division the MTs are involved in the segregation of the chromosomes and kinetochores are clearly discernible. Association with organelles is also observed. The chromosomes of the GC remain condensed until they separate in two sperm nuclei. The pre-prophase band was never observed. At the end of the GC division the microtubular network reorganizes in the two SCs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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