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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Extinction ; Pimozide ; SCH 23390 ; Metoclopramide ; Reward ; Dopamine ; D1 receptors ; D2 receptors ; Variable interval schedule ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The similarity in the pattern of responding produced by extinction and dopamine (DA) receptor blockers has led to the suggestion that DA neurons may participate in the usual effects of reward on behaviour. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of receptor-subtype specific DA antagonists on food-rewarded operant responding. Rats were trained to lever press for food on a variable interval 30-s schedule. They then received one of the following treatments prior to testing on the next 5 days: saline, nonreinforcement, the DA receptor blocker pimozide (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), the D1 receptor blocker SCH 23390 (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/kg), and the D2 receptor blocker metoclopramide (1.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg). Nonreinforcement resulted in both intra- and intersession declines in responding. The drugs produced dose-dependent decreases in overall responding. Additionally, both doses of pimozide and the higher doses of SCH 23390 and metoclopramide altered intrasession patterns of responding when compared to saline, with their greatest effect being in the latter portion of the session. Intersession declines were seen with the highest doses of SCH 23390 and metoclopramide and control studies showed that these declines could not be attributed to a buildup of the drug with repeated dosing. It was concluded that both D1 and D2 receptors participate in the control of behaviour by reward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 43 (1998), S. 2715-2718 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME ; SYMPTOMS ; FREQUENCY ; DURATION ; SEVERITY
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined symptom frequency, duration, andseverity, as well as episode patterns, in 122 adultpatients with irritable bowel syndrome in a 12-weekstudy conducted in the United States, the UnitedKingdom, and The Netherlands. Patients used aninteractive telephone data entry system daily to reportsymptoms. Data from 59 of the patients meeting inclusioncriteria are presented, the remainder having beenexcluded for failing to complete at least 70 days ofsymptom reporting. The majority of patients experiencedat least one symptom on over 50% of the reported days;however, individual symptoms were reported on less than 50% of the days, indicating that symptomssometimes occurred sequentially rather than alwayssimultaneously. On average, patients reportedpain/discomfort on 33% of days, bloating on 28% of thedays, altered stool form or stool passage on 25% and18% of the days, respectively, and mucus on 7% of thedays. The duration of symptoms was relatively short,with pain/discomfort and bloating lasting the longest, an average of five days each per episode. Allsymptoms but one (mucus) were moderately severe on themajority of reported days. Patients experienced an“episode” (defined as a period of days withsymptoms bounded by one or more symptom-free days) on anaverage of 12.4 times during the study, but the durationof these episodes varied greatly among patients. Theseresults further establish the chronic nature of irritable bowel syndrome and the burden thatthis condition imposes on patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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