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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 245 (1995), S. 27-35 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Sleep EEG ; Lyapunov exponent ; Deterministic chaos ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conventional sleep analysis according to Rechtschaffen and Kales (1968) has provided meaningful contributions to the understanding of disturbed sleep architecture in depression. However, there is no characteristic alteration of the sleep cycle, which could serve as a highly specific feature for depressive illness. Therefore, we started to investigate nonlinear properties of sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) data in order to elucidate functional alterations other than those obtained from classical sleep analysis. The application of methods from nonlinear dynamical system theory to EEG data has led to the assumption that the EEG can be treated as a deterministic chaotic process. Chaotic systems are characterized by a so-called sensitive dependence on initial conditions. This property can be quantified by calculating the system's Lyapunov exponents, which measure the exponential separation of nearby initial states in phase space. For 15 depressive inpatients (major depressive episodes according to DSM-III-R criteria) and 13 healthy controls, matched in gender, age, and education, we computed the principal Lyapunov exponents L1 of EEG segments corresponding to sleep stages I, II, III, IV, and rapid eye movement (REM), according to Rechtschaffen and Kales, for the lead positions CZ and PZ. We found statistically significant decreased values of L1 during sleep stage IV in depressives compared with a healthy control group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akupunktur ; Depression ; Mianserin ; Placebokontrolliert ; Key words Acupuncture ; Depression ; Mianserine ; Placebo-controlled study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to examine the efficacy of whole body acupuncture additionally applied to drug treatment in depression, a single-blind placebo-controlled study with 70 inpatients administered to three different treatment groups has been carried out. All patients were pharmacologically treated with the tetracyclic antidepressant mianserin. The verum group (n=22) received acupuncture at specific points considered to be effective in the treatment of depression. The placebo group (n=24) was treated with acupuncture at non-specific locations and the control group (n=24) received only pharmacological treatment. Acupuncture was applied three times a week over a period of four weeks. Psychopathology was rated by judges blind to verum/placebo conditions twice a week over eight weeks with the CGI, GAS, BRMS and BfS rating scales. Additionally applied acupuncture improved the course of depression more than pharmacological treatment with mianserin did by itself. However, we could not detect any differences between placebo and verum acupuncture.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um die Wirksamkeit einer begleitenden Ganzkörperakupunktur bei Patienten mit einer Depression zu untersuchen, wurden 70 stationäre Patienten in eine placebokontrollierte Studie eingeschlossen und randomisiert auf 3 Behandlungsgruppen aufgeteilt. Während alle 3 Gruppen pharmakologisch mit dem tetrazyklischen Antidepressivum Mianserin behandelt wurden, erhielt die Verumakupunkturgruppe (n=22) zusätzlich eine Akupunktur an spezifischen Punkten, die als wirksam in der Behandlung einer Depression angesehen werden. Die Placeboakupunkturgruppe (n=24) wurde mit einer Akupunktur an nicht spezifischen Punkten behandelt, und die Kontrollgruppe (n=24) wurde nur mit Mianserin behandelt. Die Akupunktursitzungen fanden dreimal pro Woche über einen Zeitraum von vier aufeinanderfolgenden Wochen statt. Die psychopathologische Symptomatik wurde zweimal pro Woche über einen Zeitraum von acht aufeinanderfolgenden Wochen mittels der Instrumente CGI, GAS, BRMS und BfS beurteilt. Die Besserung des psychopathologischen Befundes von Patienten, die akupunktiert wurden (Verum- und Placeboakupunktur), war signifikant höher als bei Patienten, die mit Mianserin alleine behandelt wurden. Es ergab sich jedoch kein Unterschied zwischen den beiden Akupunkturgruppen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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