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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxolinic acid and diazepam: Their reciprocal antagonism in rodents (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 67 (1980), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Oxolinic acid ; Diazepam ; GABA ; Stereotyped behavior ; Locomotor stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The stimulant effects of oxolinic acid were investigated in rats and mice. This drug, given orally, consistantly induced, in doses ranging from 16 to 256 mg·kg-1, locomotor stimulation and stereotyped behavior. These effects were antagonized by pimozide (1 mg·kg-1), α-methyltyrosine (64 mg·kg-1) or reserpine (4 mg·kg-1, 24 h before testing) pretreatment, suggesting a facilitatory role of oxolinic acid on catecholaminergic processes. Diazepam (4–16 mg·kg-1) reduced the stimulant effects induced by oxolinic acid but not those induced by amphetamine; oxolinic acid (8 mg·kg-1) markedly reduced the antipunishment effect elicited in rats by diazepam (2 mg·kg-1). Since benzodiazepines have been reported to enhance GABA functioning, these data suggest that oxolinic acid may impair GABA transmission. However, neither muscimol (0.5–1 mg·kg-1) or γ-acetylenic-GABA (16–64 mg·kg-1) selectively reduced the stimulant effects elicited by oxolinic acid. Therefore, the possible facilitation exerted by this drug on catecholaminergic systems may not derive from the release of an inhibitory GABAergic control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427601
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence against the involvement of serotonergic neurons in the anti-punishment activity of diazepam in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1984), S. 355-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Punishment-induced suppression ; Diazepam ; Serotonin ; Dorsal raphé ; Substantia nigra ; 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Ro 15-1788 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of manipulating central serotonergic transmission were assessed on the anti-punishment effects of diazepam (2 mg/kg IP) in rats. In a paradigm involving the inhibition of pressing for food induced by the delivery of a signal previously associated with electric foot-shocks, lesioning serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphé with the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT; 1 μg in 0.4 μl) neither affected behavioral inhibition in control rats nor modified the ability of diazepam to release responding. Furthermore, suppression of pressing for food induced by a fixed ratio 7 schedule of shock presentation was reduced by bilateral infusion of 5,7-DHT (2 μg in 0.5 μl) into the substantia nigra, but the ability of diazepam to increase punished responding was preserved. Finally, blockade of benzodiazepine-induced decrease in serotonin release by application of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 (10−5–10−4 M in 0.2 μl) into the dorsal raphé did not alter the releasing effect of diazepam on suppression of pressing for food caused by a signal of punishment. At these concentrations. Ro 15-1788 was devoid of any effect on behavioral inhibition in control rats. Taken together, these results indicate that the anti-punishment activity of benzodiazepines can be dissociated from the reduction in tryptaminergic transmission produced by these drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427685
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is delay of reward mediated by shock-avoidance behavior a critical targer for anti-punishment effects of diazepam in rats? (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Duration of punishment ; Delay of reward ; Behavioral suppression ; Benzodiazepines ; Diazepam ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study investigated in rats whether variables which may affect the animals' tolerance for delay of reward could be critical for the benzodiazepine-induced release of punished behavior. Rats were subjected to conflict situations during which signalled FR4 non-punished periods (lights-off) alternated with punished periods of different durations signalled by lights-on stimuli. Lever presses during punished periods resulted in the delivery of both one food-pellet and one electric foot-shock (0.45 mA). The antipunishment effect of diazepam (2 mg/kg IP) clearly depended on the duration of the punished periods, release of punished behavior being observed only when punished periods exceeded 1 min. The duration of punished periods required for diazepam-induced release of responding was affected by factors which modified the contrast between rewards received in punished and non-punished periods. One of these factors was the FR schedule imposed during non-punished periods, since the anti-punishment effect of diazepam was observed during short-lasting (30-s and 1-min) punished periods separated by FR24 non-punished periods. A second factor was the ratio of the durations of punished and non-punished periods: diazepam released behavior during 2-min punisheds when the duration of the intercurrent non-punished periods was 1 min, but not when it was 4 min. The predictability of the duration of the punished periods also modulated the effect of diazepam since: with 1 min punished periods, diazepam released punished responding during the first exposures of the rats to the experimental session, but lost part or all its efficacy in animals extensively trained to the procedure. It is tentatively proposed that not only punishment, but also delay of reward induced by passive avoidance of the punished response, are affected by benzodiazepines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432516
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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