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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 8 (1995), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Handwriting recognition ; Neural networks ; Cursive script ; Hidden Markov models ; Dictionary search
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We present a writer-independent system for online handwriting recognition that can handle a variety of writing styles including cursive script and handprinting. The input to our system contains the pen trajectory information, encoded as a time-ordered sequence of feature vectors. A time-delay neural network is used to estimate a posteriori probabilities for characters in a word. A hidden Markov model segments the word in a way that optimizes the global word score, using a dictionary in the process. A geometrical normalization scheme and a fast but efficient dictionary search are also presented. Trained on 20 k words from 59 writers, using a 25 k-word dictionary, our system reached recognition rates of 89% for characters and 80% for words on test data from a disjoint set of writers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brown alga ; Cleavage plane ; Embryogenesis ; Gravity ; Microtubules ; Spindle orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of divisions in the thallus ofPelvetia compressa embryos was determined with respect to the embryonic growth axis. To detect all possible division planes, embryos were viewed from two vantages which permitted observations of (1) the thallus pole and (2) the longitudinal embryonic profile. Following formation of rhizoid and thallus cells by any asymmetrical division transverse to the embryonic axis that is established prior to any divisions, the thallus cell divided twice along the embryonic axis (axial divisions) in orthogonal planes, and then divided transverse to the growth axis. This division pattern produced an eight-cell thallus with four cells in each of two layers. The spatial relation between gravity and the first axial division was investigated, and gravity was found to have little effect on the alignment of this division. The reproducible pattern of divisions in the thallus indicates spatial control of spindle positioning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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