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  • Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL)  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison between the effects of propranolol and chlordiazepoxide on timing behaviour in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Propranolol ; Beta-adrenergic blocker ; Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) ; Differential punishment of high rates of response (DPH) ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten rats were trained to lever press for food reward on a schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates of response with a 20-s criterion (DRL 20). Ten more were trained on a new schedule of punishment, designed to be comparable to DRL 20 — differential punishment of high rates of response (DPH 20). Under this schedule, responses with a latency of 20 s or more earned food rewards, while those of less than 20 s were followed by food reward and brief electric footshock. After 42 sessions, rats on each schedule showed temporal discrimination in the distribution of inter-response times. The effects on these baselines of the anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 1 mg/kg IP) and the beta-blocker propranolol (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg IP) were investigated. Both drugs reduced numbers of responses reaching criterion (criterion resonses) in DPH, CDP increasing total responses. CDP acted similarly under DRL, but propranolol only affected performance at the highest doese, which reduced criterion responses, probably because of changes in total responding. Each drug increased response bursts. It is concluded that propranolol can exert a disinhibitory action in these schedules, although with some differences from that of the benzodiazepine CDP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431812
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of peripheral noradrenaline depletion on responding on a schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Noradrenaline ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract First, it was confirmed that systemic injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine HBr (30 mg/kg IP) depleted noradrenaline levels in rat heart, but not centrally. Losses averaged 90% of control 1 day after injection, and 50% at 42 days. The same drug and dose was then administered to 50% of a group of rats which had been trained to lever-press for food reward on continuous reinforcement (CRF). After further CRF sessions, the rats were changed to a schedule of Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Response with a 20-s criterion (DRL 20). The drugged rats earned fewer reinforcements during DRL than did controls, and made fewer responses. Temporal discrimination (shown by the IRT/Opp distribution) was disrupted. It is concluded that peripheral noradrenergic systems may be involved in the control over responding by temporal cues associated with reward and non-reward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431782
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opposing acute and chronic behavioural effects of a beta-blocker, propranolol, in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 480-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Propranolol ; Beta-adrenergic blocker ; Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) ; Anxiety ; Antianxiety drugs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained over 40 days to lever-press for food reward under a schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates of response with a 20-s criterion (DRL 20), following seven sessions of continuous reinforcement. The effect of injecting a beta-adrenergic blocker, propranolol (5 mg/kg IP), before and at two different delays after each daily session of DRL were investigated. In Experiment I, rats drugged 5–8 min before every session earned fewer reinforcements compared to controls, and showed impaired temporal discrimination. In Experiment II, this result was not replicated, but similar effects were clear in animals drugged pre-session from the 15th day of acquisition. By contrast, an improved temporal discrimination, and increased number of reinforcements were seen in rats drugged 5–8 min after every session. In Experiment III, the postsession effects were replicated and found also in rats drugged 4–5.5 h after each session. These results suggest that propranolol has an acute effect on DRL responding which resembles that of anxiolytics, and a chronic effect which opposes the acute one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427913
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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