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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulatory aspects of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 91 (1992), S. 489-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Regulation ; Synthesis ; Release ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the urethane-anesthetized rat, electrical stimulation (10 Hz, 30 s, 250 μA) of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), at 20-min intervals over an 8-h period, combined with intracerebral microdialysis in the striatum caused: an undiminished increase in the release of dopamine (DA) with each stimulation episode; a decreased efflux of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DO-PAC) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) after the first stimulation only; a delayed increased efflux of DOPAC with no change in HVA; and a poststimulation depression of firing of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (before, 3.1±0.7 Hz; after, 1.9±1.0 Hz; P〈0.05). After the last stimulation episode, the release of DA declined to prestimulation values, while the increased efflux of DOPAC persisted for three more hours. After the infusion of tetrodotoxin (4.0×10-7 M, 1.5 μl, 1.0 μl/min) into the MFB, the basal release of DA was reduced (P〈0.05), while the efflux of DOPAC and HVA was increased (P〈0.05). A model is proposed suggesting that: (1) during increased release of DA in the striatum, the metabolism of DA is decreased; (2) inhibition of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is the usual cause of increased synthesis and metabolism of DA in the striatum; and (3) increased release of DA, and increased synthesis and metabolism of DA in the striatum are not causally linked and are noncoupled processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227845
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain dopamine receptors: 20 Years of progress (1993)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 18 (1993), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Dopamine ; dopamine receptors ; A68930 ; A77636 ; Parkinson's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract I present a brief overview of the contribution of Paul Greengard's laboratory to the field of dopamine receptor research. I show that the work on the biochemical pharmacology of dopamine receptors was part of the intellectual foundation for the division of dopamine receptors into two general pharmacological categories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00966928
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of raclopride treatment on plasma and CSF HVA: relationships with clinical improvement in male schizophrenics (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 116 (1994), S. 291-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Antipsychotics ; Dopamine ; Raclopride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-two acutely psychotic, male schizophrenic patients received raclopride, at 2, 6, or 12 mg/day, or haloperidol, 15 mg/day for 4 weeks after randomized, double-blind assignment. Twenty-six patients, including 19 who had been assigned one of the three doses of raclopride, completed the study. Raclopride, particularly at 12 mg/day, increased CSF homovanillic acid (HVA) at 4 weeks, and plasma HVA at 2 days, of treatment. The clinical response to raclopride was significantly correlated with plasma raclopride concentrations and baseline plasma HVA concentrations. Although raclopride is a substituted benzamide with atypical properties in animals, these results suggest that the doses of raclopride required for clinical efficacy and elevation of clinical indices of brain dopamine turnover are similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245331
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depletion of brain serotonin following intra-raphe injections (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 146 (1999), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Serotonin ; Dopamine ; 5 ; 7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Amphetamine ; Self-administration ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objectives: These experiments investigated the effects of selective serotonin (5-HT) depletion on intravenous self-administration of d-amphetamine. Methods: Depletion of brain 5-HT levels was induced by injecting the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Rats were then trained to self-administer d-amphetamine according to various schedule and access conditions via chronically indwelling intravenous catheters. Results: Large reductions of brain 5-HT did not alter responding for a training dose of 120 µg/kg d-amphetamine delivered according to a fixed ratio 1 schedule during 3-h sessions. When the dose of d-amphetamine was altered (0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 µg/kg per infusion) a characteristic inverted U-shaped dose response function was obtained. The 5-HT depleted rats showed increased responding for the lower doses of d-amphetamine, with a large significant increase in responding for the 7.5 µg/kg dose. In these same rats, the suppressive effect of 10 mg/kg fluoxetine on d-amphetamine (60 µg/kg) self-administration was prevented. The 5,7-DHT lesion also did not alter responding for d-amphetamine (120 µg/kg) in longer (8 h) daily access sessions. Responding for d-amphetamine delivered on a progressive ratio schedule, in which response requirements increased for each successive infusion of d-amphetamine, was also determined in 5-HT depleted rats. The number of d-amphetamine infusions was not different from the number of infusions earned by sham-lesioned rats across a range of doses of d-amphetamine (7.5–60 µg/kg). In a final experiment, spontaneous acquisition of self-administration of low doses of d-amphetamine (10 and 30 µg/kg) was measured in 5-HT depleted and control rats. Again, self-administration behaviour in the 5-HT depleted rats did not differ from controls. Conclusions: These results provide no evidence that reducing 5-HT function alters the primary reinforcing effects of self-administered amphetamine. The increase in self-administration of a low dose of amphetamine observed in experiment 1 probably involves some other process such as increased resistance to extinction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130051105
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential tolerance to dietary amino acid-induced changes in aggressive behavior and locomotor activity in mice (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 66 (1979), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Precursor amino acids ; Diet supplements ; Aggressive behavior ; Motor activity ; Norepinephrine ; Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male albino mice were maintained on a semisynthetic 12% casein protein diet for 2 weeks, then switched to diets modified by the addition of a 4% L-amino acid supplement (L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, and L-tryptophan) or 4% casein (control). Territorial-induced aggressive behavior increased following 1 week on the amino acid supplements, especially after tyrosine, but an apparent tolerance developed to these effects after 5 weeks on the amino acid supplements. Locomotor activity also increased following 1 week on the supplements, most notably after phenylalanine alone or in combination with tyrosine, and these effects tended to persist after 5 weeks on the supplements. Endogenous whole brain levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan showed no tolerance to increased concentrations of brain catecholamines and indoleamines over the 5-week period, and no clear relation between the concentrations of these monoamines and the behavioral changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428324
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subcortical dopamine and serotonin turnover during acute and subchronic administration of typical and atypical neuroleptics (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Neuroleptics ; Clozapine ; Sulpiride ; 3-PPP ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of acute (1 day) and subchronic (28 days) treatment with three atypical antipsychotic drugs [clozapine, (±)-sulpiride and (−)-3-PPP] on dopamine and serotonin turnover in both the nucleus accumbens (NA) and corpus striatum (CS) of rodents was compared to haloperidol and saline treatment. The equivalent doses of all drugs were determined based upon their ability to compete in vivo for3H-spiperone binding in the NA and CS. All three atypical drugs, compared to haloperidol, produced preferential elevations of dopamine turnover in the NA. Further, the development of tolerance to this effect was more apparent for the three atypical drugs than for haloperidol. Surprisingly, all three atypical drugs, but not haloperidol, produced changes in serotonin turnover, despite the fact that (±)-sulpiride and (−)-3-PPP have no known direct effects on brain serotonin systems. All three atypical drugs produced acute increases in serotonin turnover in both the NA and CS, followed by later decreases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246964
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