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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal models of drug withdrawal symptoms (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 292-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drugs of abuse ; Drug withdrawal ; Drug discrimination ; Discriminative stimulus ; Withdrawal signs ; Withdrawal symptoms ; Benzodiazepines ; Diazepam ; Ethanol ; Cocaine ; Anxiety ; Drug dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There have been few attempts to model subjective symptoms of drug withdrawal using animals as subjects. Two approaches for developing such models are reviewed. First, using drug discrimination methodology, it may be possible to train animals to detect the effects of withdrawal. This method has two difficulties: 1) the only discriminations trained to date involve precipitated withdrawal, and 2) the stimulus controlling behavior is difficult to specify. Second, withdrawal from many drugs of abuse produces the symptom of anxiety, and it seems likely that animal models of anxiety could be useful for studying drug withdrawal. This hypothesis has been explored most fully using subjects trained to detect the discriminative stimulus properties of the putative anxiogenic drug pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Withdrawal from benzodiazepines or ethanol substitutes fully for PTZ, and withdrawal from cocaine, morphine, and nicotine substitutes partially for PTZ. Emerging data suggest that other animal models of anxiety may also be useful for detecting drug withdrawal. The final portion of this review examines a behavioral test that is very sensitive for detecting physical signs of withdrawal in animals. In subjects maintained on an operant baseline using food as a reinforcer, withdrawal from a drug of dependence frequently is associated with disruption of that operant behavior. For example, tetrahydrocannabinol and cocaine, drugs that are not traditionally seen as having significant withdrawal signs, produce disruption of operant responding when high-dose administration is terminated, and their readministration reverses this behavioral disruption. Based on the observation that withdrawal is associated with anxiogenic stimuli, we suggest a method to determine if disruption of operant behavior may be related to these stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244046
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Withdrawal from chronic nicotine substitutes partially for the interoceptive stimulus produced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pentylenetetrazol ; Drug dependence ; Withdrawal ; Mecamylamine ; Discrimination ; Diazepam ; Nicotine ; Anxiety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained on an FR10 schedule of food reinforcement to press one lever after pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), 20 mg/kg, IP, and an alternate lever after saline. After acute nicotine, 0.64 mg/kg, SC, 35% of the rats pressed the PTZ-lever. Diazepam, 5 mg/kg, IP, blocked the stimulus produced by PTZ, and mecamylamine, 5 mg/kg, IP, blocked the stimulus produced by nicotine. Training was then suspended and rats were treated with nicotine, at 8-h intervals, 0.64 mg/kg on the 1st day, and 1.25 mg/kg on subsequent days, for 21 days. To determine whether nicotine withdrawal substitutes for the stimulus produced by PTZ, rats were tested with saline at various times after chronic nicotine injections. Data from this part of the study were replicated in another group given nicotine for 15 days. Saline at 8 h after nicotine (five determinations each group) produced a small but stable degree of PTZ lever selection (35±4%). At 48 h after termination of nicotine treatment, the percentage of rats selecting the PTZ lever (50%) was greater than that in a control group tested after an equivalent period without training. The PTZ-like stimulus detected after chronic nicotine was not altered by mecamylamine, was additive with PTZ, and was blocked by diazepam. These data suggest that withdrawal from chronic nicotine produces a weak PTZ-like stimulus, which can be antagonized by an anxiolytic drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172876
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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