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  • Digitale Medien  (12)
  • Drug discrimination  (6)
  • Philosophically Closed Language  (6)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Fentanyl ; Narcotic cue ; Analgesia ; Drug discrimination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract By using a discrete-trial, two-lever, food-reinforced discrimination learning paradigm, rats were trained to discriminate the narcotic analgesic fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg) from saline. Stimulus generalization experiments with lower fentanyl doses (0.0025 to 0.02 mg/kg) were carried out to generate individual threshold doses. The latter were compared with the sensitivity of the same rats to the analgesic effect of fentanyl, and it was found that there is no correlation between these two sets of data. In a time-effect experiment, the duration of fentanyl's cuing effect was compared with that of its analgesic effect, and it was found that the time-effect characteristics of the narcotic cue are similar to those of analgesia. Again, however, there was no correlation between the duration of both effects within the same group of animals. The results further deliniate the associative and dissociative characteristics of the narcotic cue and narcotic analgesia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Fentanyl ; Morphine ; Narcotic cue ; Sensitivity ; Oscillation ; Drug discrimination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract With a discrete-trial, food-reward, two-lever procedure, rats were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. Individual threshold doses for seneralization of fentanyl and for cross-generalization of morphine were determined repeatedly during a 17-week posttraining period. Threshold doses of both drugs almost continuously shifted in both the up- and downward direction. Shifts of fentanyl threshold doses covaried with those of morphine threshold doses. These shifts can best be described by a sustained oscillation, the mean amplitude of which amounts to a factor 3.65 of the dose-range for fentanyl, and to a factor 1.85 for morphine. The upper and lower limits of oscillation were symmetrical with respect to baseline. The oscillation can be described by a function expressing that the more distant a point along the function is from the baseline, the more it is susceptible to (positive/negative) acceleration along the intensity (i.e., dose) axis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Cocaine ; Haloperidol ; Pimozide ; Spiperone ; Internal stimulus ; Drug discrimination ; Schizophrenia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The ability of cocaine to exert internal stimulus control of behavior was investigated by training rats to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline in a discrete-trial, two-lever, food-reward procedure. Acquisition of response control by cocaine (1) succeeded in all animals tested, (2) proceeded rapidly, and (3) was associated with a high Commission Error: Omission Error ratio. These findings support the hypothesis that cocaine, a prototype of drugs inducing a psychotic condition in humans, can act as a powerful internal stimulus in rats. The cocaine cue was also responsive to the action of the dopamine-receptor-blocking agents spiperone (ED50: 0.06 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.24 mg/kg), and pimozide (1.90 mg/kg). d,l-Amphetamine (1.25 mg/kg) induced stimulus generalization with cocaine, and this generalization was blocked by dosages of the same neuroleptics comparable to those of cocaine antagonism. The results are discussed in terms of internal stimulus control of behavior and its relevance to the psychophysiology of schizophrenia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 46 (1976), S. 169-177 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Drug discrimination ; Cue ; State dependent learning ; Amphetamine ; Desipramine ; Haloperidol ; Chlordiazepoxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A method is described which allows the assessment of discriminative stimulus properties of drugs, and the ability of amphetamine (0.16 mg/kg, s.c), chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg, p.o.), desipramine (5 mg/kg, s.c), and haloperidol (0.02 mg/kg, s.c.) to produce a discriminative stimulus complex (DSC) is evidenced. The method is found to yield clear-cut data that are specifically related to drug discrimination learning without being possibly confounded by state dependent effects. In addition, the experimental procedure is designed so as to provide an appropriate measurement of operant response modulating drug effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 53 (1977), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Haloperidol ; Fentanyl ; Drug discrimination ; Narcotic cue ; Discrimination index
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Using a discrete-trial, two-lever, foodreward discrimination learning paradigm, we trained rats (n=6) to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl (s.c. t-30′) from saline. Stimulus generalization experiments with an adequate dose range (0.01–0.04 mg/kg) of fentanyl revealed that the ED50 value for drug lever selection is 0.02 mg/kg, irrespective of whether the animals were pretreated (s.c., t-60′) with either saline or 0.08 mg/kg haloperidol. With increasing doses of the haloperidol-fentanyl combination, the percentage of total responding on the selected lever progressively decreased, and reached the 50% level at the highest drug combination. It is concluded that this percentage is heavily contaminated by factors unrelated to the discrimination condition being studied; these factors seem to invalidate this percentage as a discrimination index under experimental conditions (e.g., behaviorally toxic doses of drugs) where they are likely to operate. The use of response selection as a discrimination index in drug discrimination research is further argued.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 222-228 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Drug discrimination ; Dose-dose discrimination ; Opiates ; Fentanyl ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The experiments characterized the effects of fentanyl, morphine, naloxone, cyclazocine, nalorphine, ketocyclazocine and N-allylnormetazocine in rats that were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg from 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl (dose-dose discrimination). The data are compared to results obtained previously in rats discriminating 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline (drug-saline discrimination). In the dose-dose discrimination fentanyl and morphine produced responding appropriate to 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl at doses which were 3.0- and 1.6-fold higher, respectively, than in drug-saline discrimination. Naloxone antagonized the stimulus effects of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl at 9.8-fold lower doses than in drug-saline discrimination. The dose-effect curves of fentanyl and naloxone in rats discriminating 0.04 mg/kg from 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl, were steeper than in rats discriminating 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. While cyclazocine, nalorphine and N-allylnormetazocine acted as mixed and partial agonists/antagonists in drug-saline discrimination, those compounds acted as pure and complete antagonists of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl in dose-dose discrimination. The rank order of compounds in antagonizing the stimulus effects of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl in dose-dose discrimination was naloxone 〉 N-allylnormetazocine 〉 cyclazocine 〉 nalorphine. It is suggested that a greater magnitude of opiate activity is required for producing generalization with the same 0.04 mg/kg dose of fentanyl in dose-dose as compared with drug-saline discrimination. Dose-dose discrimination may afford a more accurate method than drug-saline discrimination for assessing the equivalence of the discriminative stimulus properties of drugs. The data obtained in the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that the discriminative stimulus effects of the opiate compounds studied are mediated by a molecular mechanism involving only a single opiate receptor.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Schlagwort(e): Transparent Query Language ; Mathematically Complete Language ; Philosophically Closed Language ; SOLID Retrieval/Processing System
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This part, PART IIB [2], of the document “HIGH-SPEED TOOLS FOR GLOBAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL)” [1–6] contains the specifications for the operations that provide the arithmetic capabilities for Transparent Query Language. PART IIB references PART IIA [1] and PART IIC [3]. Concise definitions of Transparent Query Language terms, Conclusions and Acknowledgments are given in PART IIF [6].
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Schlagwort(e): Transparent Query Language ; Mathematically Complete Language ; Philosophically Closed Language ; SOLID Retrieval/Processing System
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This part, PART IIC [3], of the document “HIGH-SPEED TOOLS FOR GLOBAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL)” [1–6] is a continuation of [2] and should be studied immediately after reading PART IIB [2]. It describes (i) the security system that can be easily invoked to deny unauthorized access to any item of information in any database; (ii) the special codes that can be used to specify virtually any degree of uncertainty; (iii) the registry numbers which terminate information paths; and (iv) the command structure for the Transportable Query Language. PART IIC references PART IIA [1], PART IIB [2], PART IID [4] and PART IIF [6]. Concise definitions of Transparent Query Language terms, Conclusions and Acknowledgments are given in PART IIF [6].
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Schlagwort(e): Transparent Query Language ; Mathematically Complete Language ; Philosophically Closed Language ; SOLID Retrieval/Processing System
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract In the six parts of the document “HIGH-SPEED TOOLS FOR GLOBAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL)” [1–6], the Transparent Query Language (TQL) that is the mathematical basis for the SOLID Retrieval/Processing System [7] is described and its use demonstrated. TQL is directly responsible for the speed, versatility, security and information/question-type independence of the SOLID System. It can be viewed as a Mathematically Complete (or Philosophically Closed) [8] data structure or content/context independent language capable of describing individual or classes of descriptors in any combination with any degree of specificity. The security system is easily used to prevent unauthorized access to any item in any file. TQL is sufficiently general to be used outside the context of information retrieval. It is capable of concisely representing and manipulating a wide variety of time dependent or static numeric and non-numeric information. The six parts of this document [1–6], are as follows. The first part, PART IIA [1], contains a review of the literature and then introduces the Transparent Query Language. It references PART IIB [2], PART IIC [3], PART IID [4], PART IIE [5] and PART IIF [6]. Concise definitions of Transparent Query Language terms, Conclusions and Acknowledgments are given in PART IIF [6]. Section III in PART IIA [1] contains information for converting citations of sections and subsections in the original document to their locations in the partitioned document.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Schlagwort(e): Transparent Query Language ; Mathematically Complete Language ; Philosophically Closed Language ; SOLID Retrieval/Processing System
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract This part, PART IID [4], of the document “HIGH-SPEED TOOLS FOR GLOBAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL)” [1–6] is about normalization and manipulation of information representations. It references PART IIA [1], PART IIB [2] and PART IIC [3]. Concise definitions of Transparent Query Language terms, Conclusions and Acknowledgments are given in PART IIF [6].
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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