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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (4)
  • Drug self-administration  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 107 (1992), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral economics ; Drug self-administration ; Reinforcer interactions ; Concurrent reinforcers ; Cigarette smoking ; Coffee drinking ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In behavioral economics, consumption of a reinforcer is determined by its price and by the price of other available reinforcers. This study examined the effects of price manipulations on the consumption of concurrently available coffee and cigarettes. During fifteen 4-h sessions, coffee and cigarettes were concurrently available according to fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement. After consumption stabilized under a fixed ratio 100 for both reinforcers, the response requirement for each reinforcer was varied separately (i.e., FR 100, 1000 and 2500), while the response requirement for the other reinforcer was kept at 100. Increasing the FR value decreased coffee and cigarette consumption to a similar degree. Also, as the price for cigarettes increased (and consumption decreased), coffee consumption decreased; however, as the price of coffee increased, cigarette consumption did not change. These results indicate that for this setting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes and coffee were comparable but interacted asymmetrically. These findings when analyzed and quantified via economic concepts of own-price and cross-price elasticity illustrate the viability of using behavioral economics to examine drug self-administration in a choice paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Caffeine ; Coffee ; Concurrent schedules ; Drug self-administration ; Humans ; Methodology ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methodological comparisons of procedures for drug self-administration are rare. In studies examining the reinforcing effect of caffeine in humans, caffeine self-administration usually has been inferred from performance under forced-choice procedures. In the present experiment, caffeine self-administration via coffee was compared under forced-choice and free-choice conditions; i.e., when subjects were and were not required to use a minimum number of coffees. Ten moderate coffee drinkers (2–7 cups/day) were assigned to forced- and free-choice conditions using a randomized cross-over design. Under each choice condition, subjects completed six independent, double-blind trials, consisting of a 2-day exposure period followed by a 2-day test period. During exposure, subjects consumed either decaffeinated or caffeinated (100 mg/serving) coffee on day 1 and the other coffee on day 2. During the test period, subjects had concurrent access to the same decaffeinated and caffeinated coffees. Under the forced-choice condition, subjects were required to drink at least four cups of coffee per day during the test period. Under the free-choice condition, subjects did not have a minimum-cup requirement. In general, the relative rate at which subjects self-administered caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee was similar across choice conditions, even though subjects self-administered significantly fewer cups of both coffee types under the free-choice than the forced-choice condition. These results suggest that, at least for caffeine, forced-choice and free-choice procedures produce comparable results. Whether this finding generalizes to a context in which caffeine or another drug is more robustly self-administered, remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral economics ; Caffeinated coffee ; Cocaine ; Complements ; Concurrent schedules of reinforcement ; Cross-price elasticity ; Ethanol ; Etonitazene ; Drug self-administration ; Heroin ; Food ; Methadone ; Morphine ; Nicotine cigarettes ; Pentobarbital ; Phencyclidine ; Reinforcer interactions ; Substitutes ; Sucrose ; Water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In economics, goods can function as substitutes, complements, or be independent of one another. These concepts refer to increases, decreases, or no change in the consumption of one item as the price of a second item increases. This review examined whether these economic terms can be used to describe relationships between concurrently available reinforcers in drug self-administration research. Sixteen drug self-administration studies that examined the effects of concurrent reinforcers were identified through a MEDLINE search. Across these studies, the following substances were employed: caffeinated coffee, cocaine, etonitazene, ethanol, heroin, food, methadone, morphine, nicotine cigarettes, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, sucrose and water. These studies were reanalyzed and the results were shown to be consistent with these economic notions. These analyses also showed that relationships among the concurrently available reinforcers were reliable within and across studies, that concurrently available reinforcers can affect each other asymmetrically, and that the relative price may determine the magnitude of effect for substitutes. These findings suggest that these economic concepts may be useful in characterizing the type and magnitude of interactions between concurrently available reinforcers and may suggest potential mechanisms that determine these relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 24 (1994), S. 129-130 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 25 (1995), S. 380-389 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Der größte Teil des Wassers auf diesem Planeten ist Meerwasser, welches eine relativ konstante Zusammensetzung anorganischer Salze enthält. In hypersalinen Gewässern dagegen sind höhere Salzkonzentrationen als im normalen Meerwasser vorhanden. Überall dort, wo die Verdunstungsrate großer ist als der Wasserzufluß, in küstennahen Regionen der Meere, zum Beispiel in flachen Lagunen, aber auch in einigen großen Inlandseen, wie zum Beispiel dem Great Salt Lake in Utah, liegen zwar ähnliche Verhältnisse der anorganischen Ionen untereinander, aber insgesamt höhere Konzentrationen als im durchschnittlichen Meerwasser vor. Hier handelt es sich um die thalassohalinen (griechisch: thalassos = Meer) Standorte, entstanden durch Wasserverlust, ohne daß das Löslichkeitsprodukt für eine Komponente der Salze überschritten wird. Die Gesamtsalinität eines thalassohalinen Gewässers kann von 3,4 % (Gewicht pro Volumen) in normalem Meerwasser bis zu 49 % schwanken. In Salzgewinnungsteichen fällt Natriumchlorid (NaCl) ab etwa 37 % aus, während die leichter löslichen Magnesium-(MgCl2) und Kaliumchloride (KCl) sich in der Lösung anreichern. Ab diesem Punkt entspricht das Wasser nicht mehr dem Begriff „thalassohalin“, da sich die Salzverhältnisse ändern.Je höher die Salzkonzentration ist, desto mehr verschwinden höhere Lebensformen. Sie werden durch angepaßte Mikroorganismen ersetzt. Bis zu einer Salinität von 7,5 % findet man noch einige salztolerante Fische, ab 13 % ist kein Fisch mehr in der Lage zu überleben. Die einzigen makroskopischen Organismen, die im Bereich von 10-30 % relativem Salzgehalt vorkommen, sind das Salinenkrebschen Artemia salina und die Larve der Salzfliege Ephydra speciae Das Phytoplankton besteht in diesem Bereich hauptsächlich aus der einzelligen, photosynthetisch aktiven Grünalgengattung Dunaliella. In den Salinenbecken schließlich, im Präzipitationsbereich von NaCl, findet man fast ausschließlich Halobakterien [14].
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 22 (1992), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eines der frühesten Probleme unter den ersten lebenden Zellen war die Bewältigung der „osmotischen Krise“. Diese entstand durch den Einstrom von Ionen und Wasser durch die semipermeable Plasmamembran ins Innere der Zellen, zu den dort eingeschlossenen Makromolekülen. Die Lösung des Problems konnte nur durch aktives Ausschleusen von Ionen erreicht werden, also mit Hilfe von Ionenpumpen. Zu den wichtigsten Ionenpumpen in der Natur gehören die ATPasen. Sie kommen in allen Lebewesen vor, vom Bakterium bis zum Menschen. Unter den ATPasen spielen die protonenpumpenden eine zentrale Rolle im Stoffwechsel: Sie stellen einen Protonengradienten zwischen verschiedenen Kompartimenten der Zelle her, und dieser wiederum ist der Antrieb für den wichtigsten Prozeß innerhalb eines Lebewesens, nämlich die Speicherung von chemischer Energie in Form von ATP.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    BioEssays 18 (1996), S. 293-300 
    ISSN: 0265-9247
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Association between sister chromatids is essential for their attachment and segregation to opposite poles of the spindle in mitosis and meiosis II. Sister-chromatid cohesion is also likely to be involved in linking homologous chromosomes together in meiosis I. Cytological observations provide evidence that attachment between sister chromatids is different in meiosis and mitosis and suggest that cohesion between the chromatid arms may differ mechanistically from that at the centromere. The physical nature of cohesion is addressed, and proteins that are candidates for holding sister chromatids together are discussed. Dissolution of sister-chromatid cohesion must be regulated precisely, and potential mechanisms to release cohesion are presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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