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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral economics of drug self-administration (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 107 (1992), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral economics ; Drug self-administration ; Reinforcer interactions ; Concurrent reinforcers ; Cigarette smoking ; Coffee drinking ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In behavioral economics, consumption of a reinforcer is determined by its price and by the price of other available reinforcers. This study examined the effects of price manipulations on the consumption of concurrently available coffee and cigarettes. During fifteen 4-h sessions, coffee and cigarettes were concurrently available according to fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement. After consumption stabilized under a fixed ratio 100 for both reinforcers, the response requirement for each reinforcer was varied separately (i.e., FR 100, 1000 and 2500), while the response requirement for the other reinforcer was kept at 100. Increasing the FR value decreased coffee and cigarette consumption to a similar degree. Also, as the price for cigarettes increased (and consumption decreased), coffee consumption decreased; however, as the price of coffee increased, cigarette consumption did not change. These results indicate that for this setting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes and coffee were comparable but interacted asymmetrically. These findings when analyzed and quantified via economic concepts of own-price and cross-price elasticity illustrate the viability of using behavioral economics to examine drug self-administration in a choice paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245139
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The behavioral economics of concurrent drug reinforcers: a review and reanalysis of drug self-administration research (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 118 (1995), S. 250-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral economics ; Caffeinated coffee ; Cocaine ; Complements ; Concurrent schedules of reinforcement ; Cross-price elasticity ; Ethanol ; Etonitazene ; Drug self-administration ; Heroin ; Food ; Methadone ; Morphine ; Nicotine cigarettes ; Pentobarbital ; Phencyclidine ; Reinforcer interactions ; Substitutes ; Sucrose ; Water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In economics, goods can function as substitutes, complements, or be independent of one another. These concepts refer to increases, decreases, or no change in the consumption of one item as the price of a second item increases. This review examined whether these economic terms can be used to describe relationships between concurrently available reinforcers in drug self-administration research. Sixteen drug self-administration studies that examined the effects of concurrent reinforcers were identified through a MEDLINE search. Across these studies, the following substances were employed: caffeinated coffee, cocaine, etonitazene, ethanol, heroin, food, methadone, morphine, nicotine cigarettes, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, sucrose and water. These studies were reanalyzed and the results were shown to be consistent with these economic notions. These analyses also showed that relationships among the concurrently available reinforcers were reliable within and across studies, that concurrently available reinforcers can affect each other asymmetrically, and that the relative price may determine the magnitude of effect for substitutes. These findings suggest that these economic concepts may be useful in characterizing the type and magnitude of interactions between concurrently available reinforcers and may suggest potential mechanisms that determine these relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245952
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forced-choice versus free-choice procedures: Caffeine self-administration in humans (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 109 (1992), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Caffeine ; Coffee ; Concurrent schedules ; Drug self-administration ; Humans ; Methodology ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methodological comparisons of procedures for drug self-administration are rare. In studies examining the reinforcing effect of caffeine in humans, caffeine self-administration usually has been inferred from performance under forced-choice procedures. In the present experiment, caffeine self-administration via coffee was compared under forced-choice and free-choice conditions; i.e., when subjects were and were not required to use a minimum number of coffees. Ten moderate coffee drinkers (2–7 cups/day) were assigned to forced- and free-choice conditions using a randomized cross-over design. Under each choice condition, subjects completed six independent, double-blind trials, consisting of a 2-day exposure period followed by a 2-day test period. During exposure, subjects consumed either decaffeinated or caffeinated (100 mg/serving) coffee on day 1 and the other coffee on day 2. During the test period, subjects had concurrent access to the same decaffeinated and caffeinated coffees. Under the forced-choice condition, subjects were required to drink at least four cups of coffee per day during the test period. Under the free-choice condition, subjects did not have a minimum-cup requirement. In general, the relative rate at which subjects self-administered caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee was similar across choice conditions, even though subjects self-administered significantly fewer cups of both coffee types under the free-choice than the forced-choice condition. These results suggest that, at least for caffeine, forced-choice and free-choice procedures produce comparable results. Whether this finding generalizes to a context in which caffeine or another drug is more robustly self-administered, remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245484
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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