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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation to the Impacts of Sea Level Rise in Egypt (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 343-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; socioeconomic impacts ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Assessment of the vulnerability and expected socioeconomic losses over the Nile delta coast due to the impact of sea level rise is carried out in details. Impacts of sea level rise over the Governorates of Alexandria and Port Said in particular, are evaluated quantitatively. Analysis of the results at Alexandria Governorate indicate that, if no action is taken, an area of about 30% of the city will be lost due to inundation. Almost 2 million people will have to abandon their homeland; 195,000 jobs will be lost and an economic loss of over $3.5 Billion is expected over the next century. At Port Said Governorate results indicate that beach areas are most severely affected (hence tourism), followed by urban areas. The agriculture sector is the least affected sector. It is estimated that the economic loss is over $ 2.0 Billion for 0.50 m SLR and may exceed $ 4.4 Billion for 1.25 m SLR. Options and costs of adaptation are analyzed and presented. Multi-criteria and decision matrix approaches, based on questionnaire surveys are carried out to identify priorities for the two cases. Analysis of these techniques of two options; the current policy (hard protection measures on some vulnerable areas) and no action (stopping these activities) have the lowest scores. Beach nourishment and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) have the highest scores, however ICZM has high cost measures. The most cost-effective option is the land-use change, however with relatively very high cost measure. It is recommended that an ICZM approach be adopted since it provides a reasonable trade off between costs and cost effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009684210570
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physico-chemical conditions for plankton in Lake Timsah, a saline lake on the Suez Canal
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 34 (1992), S. 127-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: Egypt ; Suez Canal ; coastal area ; nutrients ; saline lake ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(05)80100-3
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential extraction of nine trace elements from sludge-amended soils (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: sequential extraction ; trace elements ; Egypt ; sewage sludge ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three separate samples taken from particular location of El-Gabal El-Asfar soils treated with composted sludge and irrigated with liquid sludge effluent were compared with untreated soil. These soils were sampled at 5 depths, i.e. 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, 45–60 and 60–75 cm to estimate the forms of nine trace metals in the solid phase. The soils had been amended with sewage sludge and irrigated with sludge liquids for different periods, i.e. 20, 40 and 60 years. The soil samples were fractionated by sequential extraction to estimate the quantities of these metals in “exchangeable”, “sorbed” “organic”, “carbonate”, and “sulfide” forms. Data reveal that most of these elements were concentrated (preferential fixation) in the surface layer (0–15 cm), possibly because of the slight decrease in soil apparent density resulting from sludge application. The trace metal contents in exchangeable and sorbed forms of most metals were very low. Sulfide, carbonate and organic forms were shown to be the dominant fractions for most trace metals under study and varied from one element to another. Nevertheless, at least 6 of these metals have a common behaviour. At the longterm addition of sludge application, the predominant metals were: Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni and Co in sulfide form; Cu in organic form, and Pb and Cd in the carbonate form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750748
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Higher and better yields with less environmental pollution in Egypt through balanced fertilizer use (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Egypt ; fertilizers use ; optimization ; N-losses ; micronutrients ; soil testing ; plant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen use per unit area in Egyptian agriculture is over 300 kg ha−1. An annual average increase of about 2% till year 2000 was estimated. Fertilizers use is characterised by excessive N application, moderate P use and neglection of K and micronutrients. Consequently, nutrient imbalance occurs in crop plants. Subsidising N fertilizers resulted in their misuse and increasing losses. Efficiency of N use in different areas and crops is low. High nitrate concentrations were detected in drainage as well as ground water. Subsidy was removed and fertilizers handling was left to the free market in 1992/93, which resulted in drastic price increases. It could be demonstrated for many years and in farmers fields that yields can be considerably increased (20%) through balanced fertilizers use based on soil testing and plant analysis and adjusted according to the prevailing farming system, leading to more return and less N-use. Use of micronutrients foliar fertilizers leads to increase in root growth and higher uptake of macronutrients. Use of relatively high rates of fertilizers is still a must, however it should be optimised to obtain the highest possible efficiency. Making crop and location specific fertilizer recommendations available to farmers helps in increasing high quality yields, which results in high economic benefits, keeping agricultural production sustainable and decreasing pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747674
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Level of chlorinated hydrocarbons in a teleost fish and a bivalve from the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast and Nile Estuary (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 206 (1998), S. 25-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Chlorinated hydrocarbons ; GLC ; Teleost fish ; Bivalve ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The residues of 22 organochlorine pollutants in fish Mugil cephalus and a bivalve Donax sp. collected from three different locations, i.e. Abu-Quir bay, Demiatta and Gamasa, were analysed by capillary GLC. The pollutants studied were 1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) isomers, cyclodiene compounds, dodecachlorooctahydro-1.3.4-metheno-2H-cyclobuto[cd]pentalene (Mirex), methoxychlor, toxaphene and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Aroclors 1248 and 1254 as well as ten individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Extractable organic matter (EOM) levels ranged from 48.0 to 133.0 mg/g, and from 33.0 to 73.0 mg/g in bivalves and fish, respectively. 2,2-bis(p-Chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichlorethylene (p,p′-DDE) dominated other 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) analogues in fish (2.0–4.0 ng/g). 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU) dominated in the bivalve, its concentration ranging from 9.0 to 15.0 ng/g. The concentration of heptachlor was negligible, while endrin and dieldrin were the dominant cyclodienes, occurring in high levels in fish (0.6 and 1.3 ng/g) and bivalves (1.5 and 2.4 ng/g), at Gamasa and Demiatta, respectively. The Aroclor 1248 level was two- to threefold that of Aroclor 1254. As far as the individual PCBs are concerned, less chlorinated biphenyl congeners (from mono- to penta-chloro-biphenyls) were less concentrated except for PCB 200 and PCB 206. Toxaphene was detected at all three locations, at a maximum level of 9.7 ng/g in bivalves from Demiatta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050207
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attained Weight, Stature and Weight/Stature Index for Egyptian Children Aged 6–18 Years. Cairo Area, 1980–1982 (1989)
    Springer
    International journal of anthropology 4 (1989), S. 275-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Weight ; Stature ; Growth ; Children ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on body weight, stature and weight/stature2 index of 1351 males and 770 females comprising a sample of Egyptian children from Cairo area aged 6–18 years have been presented. Body weight and stature were found to be higher than similar information from a nation-wide sample studied during the early sixties. Besides, there were differences in ages of the maximal increments between the present and previous national study that denote comparatively earlier occurrence of puberty spurts in weight and stature of Cairo children nowadays. However girls after puberty were found to be of lighter weight at present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444643
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Ascaris infection on the nutritional status and I.Q. of children (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of anthropology 14 (1999), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Ascaris ; Nutrition ; I.Q. ; Children ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It was estimated that about 1.3 billion persons all over the world were infected with Ascaris Lumbricoides (A.L.), Especially children in tropical and subtropical countries. AIM To investigate the effects of A.L. infection on the nutritional status and the intellectual level in a sample of Egyptian primary school children from rural Giza province. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A sample of 637 children (329 boys and 308 girls) aged 6–12 years, have been subjected to some anthropometric measurements including body weight, body height, arm circumference, head circumference and triceps skinfold thickness. In addition, the I.Q. was determined using “Draw-a-man” test. Blood hemoglobin concentration was also determined using a spectrophotometric method. All the children were then subjected to stools and urine examinations, and peri-anal swab. Only 242 children were included for further study, of whom 45 boys and 38 girls were found infected with A.L. solely, and 81 boys and 78 girls of about the same age free of parasitic infections were taken as control. RESULTS Children infected with A.L. has significantly lower body weight, height, and arm circumference but insignificantly lower skinfold thickness and head circumference as comparedto the control group. Infected children had significantly lower hemoglobin concentration and I.Q. than the controls. CONCLUSIONS Selected anthropometric measurements, biochemical and intellectual tests from a useful complementary battery for reliable and informative investigation of the effects of parasitic infection on child nutrition and health. A.L. was found to have a significant effect on the physical and intellectual status of the rural Egyptian children of age 6–12 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447627
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytosociological and environmental gradients in a sector of the Western Desert of Egypt (1976)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 31 (1976), S. 93-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Desert ; Egypt ; Environmental gradient ; Multivariate analysis ; Phytosociology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The climatic and physiographic features of the Western Desert of Egypt vary gradually from the Mediterranean coast inland. The present study provides an analysis of the gradients exhibited by these environmental variations and their relationships with vegetational gradients and the phytosociological behaviour of species in a sector along the Cairo-Alexandria desert road. The multivariate analyses of the vegetation lead to the recognition of six interrelated vegetational groupings which were distributed along a climatic gradient of increasing aridity, and an edaphic gradient of increasing sandiness and decreasing salinity and level of total phosphorus. These groupings were distinguished into three sets: a set ofConvolvulus-Helianthemum-Artemisia, andHelianthemum-Echiochilon, a set ofAnabasis, andSalsola-Anabasis, and a set ofAsphodelus-Noaea andThymelaea-Anabasis-Noaea groupings. The first set occupies the more arid end of the climatic gradient and the end of the coarse texture, low salinity and low levels of total phosphorus of the edaphic gradient. The second set occupies the opposite end of the edaphic gradient and the middle position of the climatic gradient and the middle position of the climatic gradient, and the third, the middle position of the edaphic gradient and the less arid end of the climatic gradient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342550
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salt marsh vegetation of the Western Mediterranean desert of Egypt (1982)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 49 (1982), S. 3-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Coastal ; Desert ; Egypt ; Lifeform ; Mediterranean ; Salinity ; Vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The extensive salt marshes in the plains and depressions of the western Mediterranean desert of Egypt were classified into three habitat types: A with shallow water table and high salinity, B with relatively deep water table and high salinity, and C transitional habitats in which salinity and water table are no controlling factors. Fourteen vegetation types were distinguished, each dominated by one or two species. The dominating life forms are chamaephytes in sites of high salinity, and therophytes in sites of low salinity. Spatial and temporal variations in the standing crop biomass were pronounced. The accumulation of material started during spring and reached a maximum in autumn, when photosynthetic activity was maintained to account for transpiration losses. There was a general trend of increasing salinity and concentration of different ions from habitat type A to habitat type C through habitat type B. The periodical variation in the water table was insignificant, while a significant drop in salinity and the concentration of different ions was detected in spring, which was attributed to the diluting effect of rain water during that season. Most species exhibited clear distribution patterns and their a bundance varied significantly along gradients of different factors. Simple correlations between the compositional gradients or the distributional behaviour of species and salinity or the concentration of individual ions were generally low, while correlations with combinations of ions in the form of ratios (notably sodium and potassium adsorption ratos) were higher. During the early stages of succession the building up of soil and the decrease in salinity are the most important factors while at more advanced stages, soil texture and calcium carbonate content become more decisive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051557
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the weed flora of Egypt from Predynastic to Graeco-Roman times (1997)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 6 (1997), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Egypt ; Archaeobotany ; Field weeds ; Plant macro-remains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macrofossils of weeds retrieved from archaeological sediments in Egypt are discussed in terms of their presence, preservation and representation significance. The study reveals 112 field weeds from 61 archaeological sites dating from Predynastic times (4500 B.C.) up to the Graeco-Roman period (A.D. 395). Most of the remains were preserved by desiccation. The 112 listed species include 24 taxa from Predynastic Hierakonpolis (3800–3500 B.C.) identified for the first time. This study is based on a selection of 97 species from the entire list. Interpretation of field weed finds from the archaeological contexts is discussed. The highest number of species, 63, is recorded from the Pharaonic period. The Predynastic era is represented by 46 species and the Graeco-Roman period by 34. The intensive archaeological excavation of Pharaonic settlements may explain the rich flora of that period compared with the two others. Floristic analysis shows that 57 species were introduced in association with crops from the Middle East and 40 may belong to the native vegetation of the Nile valley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01370445
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