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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immediate IL-10 expression following major orthopaedic trauma: relationship to anti-inflammatory response and subsequent development of sepsis (2000)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 26 (2000), S. 1076-1081 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words IL-10 ; HLA-DR ; Inflammation ; Sepsis ; Intensive care
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess the relationship between IL-10 release and anti-inflammatory response following blunt trauma. Design: Prospective longitudinal clinical study. Setting: Departments of trauma and anaesthetics in a university teaching hospital Patients: Forty-eight adult patients with a mean injury severity score of 14.5 (range 9–57) were prospectively studied following blunt trauma. Measurements and results: Venous blood samples were collected on arrival and at 16 and 24 h, and at 3, 5, and 7 days. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (HLA-DR) expression on CD14 + monocytes was quantified by flow cytometry and serum IL-10 was assayed by ELISA. Anti-inflammatory response was defined as monocyte HLA-DR expression of less than 30 % of that seen in healthy controls. Serum IL-10 levels in trauma patients on arrival was significantly elevated, 70.0 [48.0–92.1, 95 % confidence interval, (CI)] compared to the control group, 3 (0–5) (P 〈 0.0001), and monocyte HLA-DR expression was significantly lower, 14.2 (12.1–16.3, 95 % CI), in patients versus 25.2 (22.4–28.1) in controls (P 〈 0.001). Patients with low HLA-DR expression (n = 14) had significantly higher serum IL-10 levels than those whose HLA-DR expression remained above 30 % of the control value (n = 34), (P 〈 0.038). In patients who developed sepsis (n = 11), serum IL-10 levels were greater on admission, [143.7 (80.2–207.2) pg/ml–1], and remained elevated during the study period compared with non-complicated patients, [50.16 (33.5–66.8) pg/ml–1]. Immediate IL-10 (2 h following trauma) was negatively correlated with simultaneous HLA-DR expression, (r = –0.49, P = 0.0005). Conclusion: These findings support the view that IL-10 release regulates monocyte HLA-DR expression and may be related to an anti-inflammatory response and development of sepsis following trauma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340051320
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The computation of turbulent flows of industrial complexity by the finite element method - progress and prospectsBased on an invited lecture. (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1277-1297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Review Article ; Industrial Flow ; Finite Element ; Turbulent Flow ; k-ε Turbulence Model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is an expanded version of that delivered at the recent Sixth International Symposium on Finite Element Methods in Flow Problems, Antibes, France. It begins by reviewing the role of the finite element method (FEM) in turbulent flow simulation during recent years. The difficulties in incorporating sufficiently general descriptions of turbulence (i.e. two-equation models) into successful finite-element-based Navier-Stokes codes are examined and analysed in some depth. Current progress by various workers in overcoming these difficulties is reviewed and, by concentrating on one particular approach, it is demonstrated that the FEM has now matured into a powerful and flexible tool for solving two-dimensional turbulent flows of industrial complexity. The applications presented highlight those features which render the FEM attractive in this field (viz., minimal false diffusion, arbitrary local refinement, boundary fitting capabilities and non-structured grids). Finally, the prospects and challenges for the future are briefly discussed. In particular, the urgency and difficulty of constructing a competitive three-dimensional capability which preserves these features is examined.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650071109
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the finite-element calculation of turbulent flow using the k-∊ model (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Turbulent Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Although the finite-element (FE) method has been successful in analysing complex laminar flows, a number of difficulties can arise when two-equation turbulence models (e.g. the k-∊ model) are incorporated. This work describes a particular FE discretization of the k-∊ model and reports its performance in recirculating flow. Severe problems encountered in attempts to obtain convergence of the numerical scheme are isolated and analysed, and methods by which the problems can be overcome are suggested.Insight gained in this work has enabled a practical turbulent flow FE code to be constructed which is robust and efficient. This code is the subject of a further paper.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040402
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A practical method of two-equation turbulence modelling using finite elements (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 321-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Incorporation of the k-∊ turbulence model into Galerkin finite-element fluid-flow codes (which, unlike upwind finite-difference codes, have no artificial damping) can lead to severe iterative convergence difficulties. This paper introduces an alternative turbulence model (the q-f model) and an associated finite-element discretization method which are designed to overcome these problems. The new model forms the basis of a finite-element fluid-flow code which is robust and efficient. Furthermore, it is demonstrated on a practical example that the code can give good agreement with experiment on fairly coarse meshes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040403
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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