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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The commons dilemma (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental management 2 (1978), S. 491-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Environmental psychology ; Behavior ; Games theory ; Reinforcement ; Competition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Whenever a short-term or local need in the exploitation of a scarce natural resource must be pitted against its long-term use or the needs of the larger community, the commons dilemma arises. The study of commons dilemmas originated in agricultural economies but has importance in all resource management areas. Psychologists have recently found it to be a useful paradigm in the study of decision-making behavior. This paper reviews the commons dilemma as it has been used in three areas of psychological research: games theory, animal and human territorial behavior, and behavior reinforcement. In the first area, results show how communication within groups operates in cooperation/competition situations. In the second, the effects of social and political ideologies are examined. In the third, the implications of the commons dilemma with regard to breaking out of “social traps” are discussed. Throughout, the relevance of this basic psychological research to rational resource management is made clear. An extensive bibliography of relevant original research is provided.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866708
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Heroism in a resource crisis: A simulation study (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental management 2 (1978), S. 523-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Environmental psychology ; Heroism ; Resource management
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract This study examined the effects of individual responsibility and communication in a simulated resource management problem. Subjects faced the problem of how to harvest resources from a regenerating pool so as to maximize their individual harvests without overexploiting the pool. One behavioral option open to individuals involved the sacrifice of a harvesting opportunity in order to add to the pool, thereby benefiting the rest of the group. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to test the effect of this kind of heroism by (1) including a volunteer leader in the group and (2) including the possibility of communication. Results showed communication produced a significant increase in heroism and in group harvest, resulting from better management of the pool. The presence of a leader in a group had no overall effect on group performance. The implications of these findings for current resource management crises are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866710
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stemflow nutrient inputs to soil in a successional hardwood forest (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): acid deposition ; hardwood forests ; nutrient leaching ; soil inputs ; stemflow ; succession
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Stemflow and throughfall from a regenerating (8-year-old) southern Appalachian hardwood forest were collected to examine the relative importance of tree bole nutrient leaching in response to acid deposition. Samples from nine (2 m2) stemflow collection plots were analyzed for four dormant season and 11 growing season rainstorm events. Results showed that, relative to throughfall fluxes, stemflow accounted, on average, for approximately 8.5% of total water reaching the forest floor during both dormant and growing season storms. Relative to foliar leaching, K-, SO4-, and PO4 ions appear to be the most easily leached ions from young tree stems. Proportional nitrate and base cation stemflow fluxes increased significantly (p〈0.05) with growing-season storm-event duration, suggesting that the stemsurface nutrient pool is depleted by precipitation more slowly than the foliar pool. On average, proportional stemflow fluxes of SO4 (12%) and K (14%) were consistently higher than reported maximum values for more mature forest stands, which indicates that small-scale stemflow inputs of ions such as these to the forest floor may be important in early successional ecosystems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010601
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Forest vegetation in relation to surface water chemistry in the North Branch of the Moose River, Adirondack Park, N.Y. (1987)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 3 (1987), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): acid deposition ; forest cover ; forest structure ; biogeochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The Regional Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (RILWAS) was conducted to identify and to quantify the environmental factors controlling surface water chemistry in forested watersheds of the Adirondack region of New York. The RILWAS vegetation research was designed to: (1) compare the quantitative patterns of forest cover and tree community structure in the study catchments of the Moose River drainage system; and (2) identify important vegetation differences among study watersheds that might help to explain inter-watershed differences in water chemistry and aquatic responses to acidic deposition. Field transect data indicated that the overall drainage system includes 50% mixed forest cover, 38% hardwood forest, 10% coniferous forest, and 2% wetland cover. Major tree species include yellow birch, red spruce, American beech, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and red maple. Analysis of forest structure indicated that mean weighted basal area estimates ranged two-fold from 24–48 m2ha−1 among watersheds. Likewise, mean weighted estimates for aboveground biomass and aboveground annual productivity ranged among watersheds from 160 to 320 MT ha−1 and from 8 to 18 MT ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Results showed that differences in surface water chemistry were independent of vegetation differences among watersheds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185188
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