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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Esmolol ; β1-Adrenoceptor antagonist ; tricresylphosphate ; pharmacokinetics ; effect kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of esmolol at different rates of infusion (100, 250 and 500 μg·kg−1 BW·min−1) were compared with β-adrenoceptor occupancy (β1 and β2, estimated by a subtype selective radioreceptor assay) and plasma concentrations of esmolol and its acid metabolite were measured by HPLC. Up to a rate of infusion of esmolol of 500 μg·kg−1 BW·min−1 there was a maximal β1-receptor occupancy of 84.7% while β2-receptor occupancy was below the detection limit; confirming the β1 selectivity of esmolol. Exercise-induced increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure were reduced by esmolol in a dose-dependent manner. The estimated EC50 values of rate of infusion for the reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise were 113 and 134 μg·kg−1 BW · min−1, respectively. Additionally, heart rate and systolic blood pressure were reduced moderately at rest. Because of the short elimination half-life of esmolol caused by the rapid hydrolysis to its acid metabolite, 45 min after end of infusion high plasma concentrations of the metabolite (maximally 80 μg·ml−1) but no esmolol were detectable. Since no in vivo effects have been observed, despite the presence of high plasma concentrations of the metabolite, the metabolite did not participate in the observed effects up to an infusion rate of esmolol of 500 μg·kg−1 BW·min−1. The plasma concentrations of antagonist detected by radioreceptor assay and plasma concentrations of esmolol detected by HPLC showed a good correlation (r=0.97). Since the cardiovascular effects, determined before and 45 min after termination of infusion of esmolol were similar, it can be concluded that the observed effects on heart rate and systolic blood pressure are exclusively mediated by esmolol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes mellitus in laboratory animals ; Chinese hamsters ; Insulin secretion ; Adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate ; Sulfonylureas ; Spontandiabetes bei Versuchstieren ; Chinesische Streifenhamster ; Insulinsekretion ; Adenosin-3′,5′-monophosphat ; Sulfonylharnstoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei spontandiabetischen chinesischen Streifenhamstern besteht ein auf einerβ-Zelldegeneration beruhender Insulinmangel mit den sich daraus für den Kohlenhydrat- und Fettstoffwechsel ergebenden Konsequenzen (Hyperglykämie, pathologische Glucosetoleranz, Erhöhung der Gluconeogenese — u. a. erkennbar an einem Anstieg der Glucose-6-phosphatase-Aktivität in der Leber —, Anstieg der Konzentration freier Fettsäuren im Serum). Die stark herabgesetzte Ansprechbarkeit derβ-Zellen auf Glucose konnte durch eine hohe Dosis Glymidin-Natrium (250 mg/kg, p.o.) nicht verbessert werden, während nach i.p. Applikation von Glucagon (0,3 mg/kg), Isopropylnoradrenalin (0,5 mg/kg) oder Theophyllin (100 mg/kg) ein z. T. noch stärkerer Anstieg der Insulinkonzentration im Serum auftrat als bei gesunden Tieren. Der insulinfreisetzende Effekt geringerer Dosen von Glucagon (0,003 mg/kg) oder Isopropylnoradrenalin (0,03 mg/kg) war bei spontandiabetischen Tieren abgeschwächt oder aufgehoben. Bei streptozotocin-diabetischen Hamstern führten selbst 100 mg/kg Theophyllin nur zu einer geringen Erhöhung des Seruminsulins. Diese Befunde erlauben folgende Schlußfolgerungen: 1. Derβ-cytotrope Effekt von Glymidin-Natrium und anderen Sulfonylaminoverbindungen wird offensichtlich nicht durch Adenosin-3′,5′-monophosphat vermittelt. 2. Es bestehen grundsätzliche Unterschiede zwischen der erblichen und experimentell erzeugtenβ-Zelldegeneration dieser Tiere. 3. Bei spontandiabetischen Tieren scheint das Adenylatcyclasesystem derβ-Zellen vermindert erregbar zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamsters are characterized by a lack of insulin caused by a degeneration of the pancreaticβ-cells resulting in disturbances of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (hyperglycemia, abnormal glucose tolerance, increase of gluconeogenesis as demonstrated by an increase of liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity, increase of serum free fatty acid concentration). The reduced sensitivity of theβ-cells of spontaneously diabetic hamsters to stimulation by glucose could not be improved by a high dose of sodium glymidine (250 mg/kg, orally), whereas i.p. application of glucagon (0.3 mg/kg), isopropylnorepinephrine (0.5 mg/kg), or theophylline (100 mg/kg) resulted in a partially higher increase of serum insulin than in normal animals. The effect of lower doses of glucagon (0.003 mg/kg) or isopropylnorepinephrine (0.03 mg/kg) was reduced or abolished. In hamsters with streptozotocin-induced diabetes i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg theophylline only provoked a small increase of serum insulin. These results allow the following conclusions: 1. The insulin releasing effect of antidiabetic sulfonylurea and sulfonylpyrimidine compounds does not seem to be mediated by adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate. 2. There are principle differences between the hereditary and experimentally inducedβ-cell lesion in Chinese hamsters. 3. There is some evidence for a reduced sensitivity of theβ-cell adenylate cyclase system to hormonal stimuli in spontaneously diabetic animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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