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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal changes in Flehmen to constant urine stimuli (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 905-909 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Black-tailed deer ; deer ; Flehmen ; mammals ; pheromones ; reproductive behavior ; urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male black-tailed deer were exposed to conspecific urine samples monthly for one year. The urine samples tested were from adult male, nonestrous female, estrous female, male fawn, and female fawn. The urine was offered with and without a wire screen cover; Flehmen occurred only when direct mouth and/or tongue contact with the urine was possible. The frequency of Flehmen varied seasonally, and urine from adults released more Flehmen than urine from fawns. But there was no difference in Flehmen frequency in response to urine from adult males or estrous or nonestrous females, when presented out of context, although in a natural situation males respond more to urinating females than males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990474
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The annual cycle of Flehmen in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 537-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Artiodactyls ; black-tailed deer ; Flehmen ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ; reproductive behavior ; seasonal variation ; ungulates ; urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Flehmen is a stereotyped response of ungulates and other mammals to urine. In black-tailed deer, Flehmen occurs typically in males (rarely in females), and its frequency shows an annual cycle. Flehmen in response to female urine was most frequent in November, and to male urine in January. The response minimum to both types of urine occurred in May. Fifty-five to 100% of initial responses to female urine resulted in Flehmen. The deer responded more often to female urine, and the difference between the responses to female and male urine increased from May to November. A male's own urine released Flehmen more often than did urine of other males. The response intensity varied with the spatial orientation of the male to the urinating female, and responses were usually limited to distances of 15 m or less.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987666
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urine fractions that release flehmen in black-tailed deer,Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 203-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Black-tailed deer ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ; urine ; Flehmen ; deer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Flehmen (or “lipcurl”) is a response of male mammals primarily to female urine, performed primarily during the reproductive season. To elucidate the components of female urine that release the Flehmen, urine of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) was fractionated, and the fractions were presented to captive male conspecifics during three rutting seasons. The active principle (one or more compounds) is watersoluble, of low volatility, not readily extractable with organic solvents, and between 200 and 12,000 daltons in molecular weight. Several urine components were identified, but none of these showed activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987849
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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