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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and characteristics of the different astroglial cell types in the adult lizard (Lacerta lepida) spinal cord (1990)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 567-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Astrocyte ; Radial astrocyte ; GFAP ; Electron microscopy ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The astroglial cells have been studied in the lizard spinal cord by means of metallic impregnations, immunohistochemical (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and ultrastructural methods. Three astroglial cell types have been immunohistochemically identified: ependymocytes, radial astrocytes and astrocytes. Transitional forms have also been observed. Scarce immunopositive ependymocytes were located in the dorsal and ventral regions of the ependyma. The radial astrocytic somata were located around the ependymal layer and their processes reached the subpial glia limitans. Typical astrocytes were the most abundant astroglial cell type; astrocytes located in the ventral horn showed a greater development than those of the dorsal horn. In the white matter, the astrocytes were large and their processes formed part of the subpial glia limitans; on some occasions, astrocytic cell bodies also formed part of this subpial limitans. Transitional elements between astrocytes and radial astrocytes were observed in both grey and white matter. The perivascular and subpial glia limitans were continuous and showed a strong immunoreactivity. The comparative analysis of our results in the lizard spinal cord with those in other vertebrate groups leads us to conclude that reptiles could represent the key group in the phylogenetic evolution of the astroglial cells in vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174628
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astroglial pattern in the spinal cord of the adult barbel (Barbus comiza) (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 187 (1993), S. 385-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Astrocyte ; Ependymocyte ; Spinal cord Fish ; GFAP ; Vimentin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and the structural, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of the astroglial cells in the spinal cord of the adult barbel (Barbus comiza) have been studied by means of metallic impregnations (Golgi and gold-sublimate), immunohistochemical (GFAP and vimentin) and electron microscopic techniques. GFAP-positive cells were mainly distributed in the ependyma and in the periependymal region, but they have also been observed at subpial level in the anterior column. The ependymocytes were heterogeneous cells because they showed different immunohistochemical characteristics: GFAP-positive, vimentin-positive or non-immunoreactive cells. The radial astrocytes showed only GFAP immunoreactivity, and their processes ended at the subpial zone forming a continuous subpial glia limitans. Desmosomes and gap junctions between soniata and processes of radial astrocytes were numerous, and a relationship between radial astroglial processes and the nodes of Ranvier was also described. The perivascular glia limitans was poorly developed and it was not complete in the blood vessels of the periependymal zone; in this case, the basal lamina was highly developed. An important characteristic in the barbel spinal cord was the existence of a zone with an abundant extracellular space near the ependyma. The presence of radial astroglial somata at subpial level, the existence of vimentin-positive ependymocytes and the abundant extracellular space in the periependymal zone is discussed in relation to the regeneration capacity and the continuous growth showed by fish. Moreover, the abundance of gliofilaments and desmosomes leads us to suggest that mechanical support might be an important function for the astroglial cells in the barbel spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185897
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High ammonia diet: Its effect on the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (1993)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 18 (1993), S. 971-975 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: GFAP ; spinal cord ; ammonia ; hyperammonemia ; astroglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a recent hyperammonemic model, consisting of a high ammonia diet for 3, 7, 15, 45, and 90 days, on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the rat spinal cord and on blood ammonia levels has been studied. The high ammonia diet was prepared by mixing a standard diet with ammonium acetate (20% wt/wt); in addition, 5 mM of ammonium acetate was added to the water supply. GFAP contents were determined by means of immunoblotting analysis. The results demonstrated that this high ammonia diet model neither induces significant changes in GFAP immunoreactivity, nor modifies total protein concentration, and only induces significant blood hyperammonemic levels in the first days of treatment. An adaptative response to the diet is suggested and discussed to explain these results. A relation between ammonia and GFAP expression is suggested because transient hyperammonemia induces transient, although no significant, changes on GFAP expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00966755
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase immunoreactivities in the supraoptic nucleus of portacaval shunted rats (1996)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 11 (1996), S. 369-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: Astrocyte ; GFAP ; GS ; glutamate ; portacaval shunt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether, and to what extent, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS) expressions in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) could be modulated after one month and six months of portacaval shunting (PCS) in rats. GFAP and GS immunoreactivities were significantly higher in PCS rats than in control rats at one and six months. The increased GFAP and GS immunoreactivities observed in the SON astrocytes were directly related to the duration of PCS. In PCS rats, the number and length of both GFAP and GS immunopositive astroglial processes increased not only in the hypothalamic nucleus but in the perinuclear zone, where glutamatergic pathways have been described, whereas GFAP and GS expressions decreased in the ventral glial lamina. Since GS is one of the glutamate metabolizing enzymes and the SON is one of the areas of glutamatergic activity, our results show that astrocytes respond differentially to glutamate toxicity. This suggests that overexpression of GFAP and GS immunoreactivities could be associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029497
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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