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  • 1
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Taurine ; Protein amino acids ; Thoroughbred horses ; Heart ; Plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exercise induces significant changes in the free intracellular amino acid pool in skeletal muscle but little is known of whether such changes also occur in cardiac muscle. In this study the effect of regular exercise on the size and the constituents of the free amino acid pool in the hearts and in the plasma of thoroughbred horses was investigated. The total free intracellular amino acid pool in the hearts of control horses was 30.9 ± 1.2μmol/g wet weight (n = 6). Glutamine but not taurine was present at the highest concentration (13.5 ± 0.9 and 7.7 ± 0.69μmol/g wet weight for glutamine and taurine respectively). As for the rest of the amino acids in the pool, only glutamate and alanine were present at levels greater than 1μmol/g wet weight (4.6 ± 0.25 and 1.7 ± 0.14 for glutamate and alanine respectively). The tissue to plasma ratio was highest for taurine at 155, followed by glutamate at 111, aspartate and glutamine at 37, alanine at 5.8 and ratios of less than 3 for the rest of the amino acids. The total free intracellular amino acid pool in the hearts of exercised horses was slightly but not significantly lower than control (28.1 ±1.1μmol/g wet weight, n = 6). Regular exercise increased the intracellular concentration of threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine but was only significant (p 〈 0.05) for threonine. This work has documented the profile of taurine and protein amino acids in the heart and in the plasma of thoroughbred horses and showed that in contrast to skeletal muscle, heart muscle does not show major changes in amino acids during regular exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: epothilone ; oxazoles ; cyclopropanes ; metathesis ; total synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For structure-activity relationship studies, two series of epothilone A (1) analogues have been designed and synthesized, one containing an oxazole moiety instead of the thiazole heterocycle and the other containing a spirocyclopropane moiety in place of the gem-dimethyl group at position C-4 (4,4-ethano-epothilones). The olefin metathesis strategy in solution was utilized for the chemical synthesis of these compounds starting with key building blocks 7-9 for the oxazole series (compounds 2, 14-18, 21-26) and building blocks 8, 30, and 31 for the 4,4-ethano series (compounds 3,39-43, 46-51). The convergent strategy towards the designed epothilone A series involved a) an aldol condensation reaction, b) an esterification reaction, c) an olefin metathesis reaction catalyzed by [RuCl2(=CHPh)-(PCy3)2], and d) epoxidation of the macrocycle double bond.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: epothilone ; oxazoles ; cyclopropanes ; total synthesis ; macrolactonizations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to probe structure-activity relationships in the epothilone area, two series of epothilone B analogues have been designed and synthesized. The first series containing an oxazole moiety in place of a thiazole on the side chain was constructed by utilizing key intermediates 7-9 or 10, 12, and 13 (Scheme 1), whereas the second series containing an ethano group instead of the gem-dimethyl group at position 4 was synthesized from fragments 42 and 43. A Yamaguchi-type macrolactonization reaction was used to construct the macrocycle from a secoacid, which was assembled, in both cases, by means of a) an aldol reaction, b) an Enders alkylation, and c) a Wittig-type reaction. This convergent strategy provided access to oxazole analogues 2,4,29-32 and 4,4-ethano derivatives 3,40,60-63 for biological studies.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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