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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dose level effects of triazolam on sleep and response to a smoke detector alarm (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 397-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Human ; Benzodiazepines ; Triazolam ; Dose level ; Sleep structure ; Arousal threshold ; Smoke detector alarm ; Heart rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-six young adult, male subjects with sleep-onset insomnia were equally divided into placebo, 0.25 mg, and 0.5 mg triazolam groups to examine the effects of the hypnotic, with particular attention to dose level on efficacy, sleep stages, and awakening to a smoke detector alarm. On nights 1 and 4 of a five-consecutive-night protocol, a standard home smoke detector alarm was sounded during stage 2, 5 min after sleep onset, in slow wave sleep (SWS), and at the time of the early morning awakening. The alarm registered 78 dB SPL at the pillow. EEG arousal latency and reaction time to a button press were studied. Failure to awaken to three 1-min alarm presentations was scored as “no response.” Both dose levels produced similar reductions in sleep latency, decreases in SWS, increases in stage 2, and increases in sleep efficiency. Both dose levels showed similar sedative effects to the smoke alarm. Fifty percent of triazolam subjects failed to awaken on night 1 during SWS, and EEG arousal and response latencies were significantly slowed. Some drug tolerance or sensitization to the alarm was seen by night 4. By morning, all subjects were easily awakened on both nights. The 0.25 mg dose is clearly an effective dose level for both sleep efficacy and sedative effects to outside noise, which in some instances could pose potantial problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216003
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiovascular responses and electroencephalogram disturbances to intermittent noises: effects of nocturnal heat and daytime exposure (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 63 (1991), S. 330-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Human sleep ; Heart rate ; Noise ; Heat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During sleep, in thermoneutral conditions, the noise of a passing vehicle induces a biphasic cardiac response, a transient peripheral vasoconstriction and sleep disturbances. The present study was performed to determine whether or not the physiological responses were modified in a hot environment or after daytime exposure to both heat and noise. Eight young men were exposed to a nocturnal thermoneutral (20° C) or hot (35° C) environment disturbed by traffic noise. During the night, the peak intensities were of 71 dB(A) for trucks, 67 dB(A) for motorbikes and 64 dB(A) for cars. The background noise level (pink noise) was set at 30 dB(A). The noises were randomly distributed at a rate of 9·h−1. Nights were equally preceded by day-time exposure to combined heat and noise or to no disturbance. During the day, the noises as well as the background noise levels were increased by 15 dB(A) and the rate was 48 · h−1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures of sleep, electrocardiograms and finger pulse amplitudes were continuously recorded. Regardless of the day condition, when compared with undisturbed nights, the nocturnal increase in the level of heart rate induced by heat exposure disappeared when noise was added. Percentages, delays, magnitudes and costs of cardiac and vascular responses as well as EEG events such as transient activation phases (TAP) due to noise were not affected by nocturnal thermal load or by the preceding daytime exposure to disturbances. Cardiovascular responses and TAP depended on the type of traffic noise and on the sleep stage during which noise occurred: motorbike noise provoked more disturbance than car or truck noise although the latter had the largest peak intensity. The TAP induced by noise were more frequent in stage 2 sleep than in other sleep stages. Cardiovascular responses were of lower amplitude in slow wave sleep (SWS) than in stage 2 sleep or in rapid eye movements (REM) sleep. These results suggested that the deleterious effect of noise on sleep depended on the type of noise (getting-up time and spectral composition) and that SWS was the least disturbed sleep stage when compared with stage 2 and REM sleep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364458
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of polymeric steric stabilizers on the settling of alumina (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 52 (1994), S. 997-1004 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of polymeric steric stabilizers on the dispersion stability of alumina was determined by settling experiments. The theoretical settling density was determined for alumina in a 90:10 wt% toluene-ethanol mixed solvent. Polymers evaluated were sulfonated polystyrenes, Shell's functionalized Kraton block polymers (styrene-hydrogenated diene), ICI's polymeric surfactants, homopolystyrene, a nonfunctionalized Kraton block polymer, and two Union Carbide Corporation silwet surfactants. The high-molecular-weight sulfonated polystyrene (60,000) containing a low level of sulfonation, functionalized Kraton block polymers, and one ICI polymeric surfactant were effective in improving the dispersion stability of the alumina. The percent of theoretical settling density for the “good” polymeric steric stabilizers ranged from 45 to 50%. The low-molecular-weight sulfonated polystyrene (10,000 MW), homopolystyrene, unfunctionalized Kraton block polymer, one ICI polymeric surfactant, and the silwet surfactants were ineffective in improving the dispersion stability of the alumina in the mixed solvent. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070520718
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ag-Sn-Hg alloys as electron compounds (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The extraordinary stability of the γ1 phase of dental amalgam was believed to indicate that part of the Sn in dental amalgam was contained in this phase. By extending the Hume-Rothery “electron compound” ideas to the three component Ag-Sn-Hg system, an estimate was made of the amount of Sn which could be held in the γ1 structure.A Ag-Sn alloy containing 9.1 weight per cent Sn was prepared, spheroidized, and sized. Portions were amalgamated and molded into tensile specimens, parts of which were subjected to X-ray diffraction, corrosion tests, and tests to determine amalgamation rate and dimensional changes during setting.X-ray diffraction patterns showed a complete absence of the γ2 phase, (thus indicating that all Sn was in the γ1 phase) and a stability intermediate between γ Ag-Hg and the γ1 phase of dental amalgam. Physical tests showed a low amalgamation rate, low 1-hr strength, high 7-day strength, and high corrosion resistance.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820040207
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrosion under stress of materials composing dental amalgam (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 569-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Corrosion potentials of materials composing dental amalgam have been measured in artificial saliva as the specimens were subjected to an increasing tensile load. Further, tensile tests have been carried out on specimens which had been previously subjected to controlled corrosion.The corrosion potentials of Cu, Ag, Zn, Ag2Hg3, Ag3Sn and finished dental amalgam showed only a slight increase in the anodic direction as the load increased. The potentials of Sn and Sn amalgams, on the other hand, showed a considerable increase.Most of the above results were explained as being a consequence of the rupture and repair of protective films as stress was applied or released. For Sn, however, it was necessary to postulate a complex attack by the corrodant to explain the large potential change.Of the phases of dental amalgam whose tensile strengths were measured after subjection to controlled corrosion, only the γ2 or Sn-Hg phase was affected. Its strength was lowered by corrosion, whether or not stress was applied.It was concluded that stress, as such, probably is not a direct factor in the corrosion of dental amalgam under oral conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030403
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progress in splat-cooling of dental alloys (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 483-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Improved techniques in preparing and sizing dental alloy powders containing Ag, Sn, and Cu have led to amalgams with higher strengths and less spread in dimensional change but very poor shelf life. Since maximum strengths occurred for amalgams containing about 15% more Sn than previously reported, and consequently presumably more of the weak γ2 phase, the higher strengths are difficult to understand.The poor shelf life may be explained by oxidation of the highly reactive splatcooled alloy or possibly by the existence of highly reactive metastable phases which transform fairly rapidly to the less reactive equilibrium ones.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110404
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large quantities of dental alloys by splat cooling (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 939-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120614
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The amount of tin in the γ1 phase of dental amalgam (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Spherical-particle Ag-Sn alloy powders containing 4.3, 8.3, 12.0, 15.4, 18.5, 21.4, and 24.1 atomic per cent Sn were obtained. Amalgams from these alloys were examined by x-ray diffraction and metallography for the presence of the γ2 phase and the γ1 → β1 phase transformation. A single amalgam of the approximate composition of dental amalgam was prepared from a melt at high temperature and pressure and likewise examined.Results showed that the solubility of Sn in Ag-Hg is about 7 atoms of Sn per unit cell of the γ phase. As clinically prepared, the γ1 phase of dental amalgam contains, however, only about 5 atoms of Sn per unit cell. These 5 atoms, nevertheless, result in a very considerable stabilization of this phase due to the increase in its electron concentration.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050310
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Splat-cooled alloys in the Ag-Sn-Cu system (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strength, dimensional change during setting, and corrosion resistance have been measured for amalgams prepared from splat-cooled alloys of different compositions in the Ag-Sn-Cu system. The amalgam with optimum values of these properties was made from the alloy containing 60 at. % Ag, 25 at. % Sn, and 15 at. % Cu. Tensile strengths for amalgams from this alloy were about 8000 psi, dimensional change during setting near zero, and corrosion resistance was good.X-Ray diffraction showed that the γ1 and γ2 phases formed during the early stages of setting but that the γ2 phase had essentially disappeared after about 24 hr. At the latter time Cu6Sn5 was present.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080103
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the cooling rate of dental alloys on their amalgamation properties (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 367-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Silver-tin alloys of various compositions (60-80 atomic % Ag) have been prepared from the melt using cooling rates from about 50°C/hr to about 106°C/sec. Structural differences due to the different cooling rates were shown by metallographic and x-ray diffraction techniques. From each composition and cooling rate, powders were then prepared and amalgamated. The amalgams were tested for Hg content, dimensional change during setting, and tensile strength. Changes in cooling rates had some effect on the relative amounts of phases present but primarily affected the grain sizes. In general, the faster the cooling rate, the smaller the grain size; the smaller the grain size, the faster and more uniform the amalgamation; the more uniform the amalgamation, the stronger the amalgam. Storage of the alloy powders at room temperature slowed their amalgamation rates, destroyed their uniformity, and resulted in weaker amalgams. However, no phase changes were observed by x-ray diffraction in the freshly comminuted alloys after aging at room temperature for two months.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120310
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