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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 1 (1998), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 1436-0578
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Ethik ; Rettungsdienst ; Notfallmedizin ; Futility ; Prävention ; Key words Ethics ; Emergency medical services ; Emergency medicine ; Futility ; Prevention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Health care in emergencies is a social good and a hallmark of a humane society, the ethical foundations of which have to form the basis of all decisions regarding medical emergencies. The ethics of emergency medical care are part of general medical ethics. Their principles are outlined and put into perspective with regard to dilemmas characteristic of emergency care. Due to dwindling resources, the efficiency of emergency medical care is being increasingly scrutinized. Possibilities of rationalizing care without compromising its quality are being discussed, such as renouncing futile therapy and implementing measures of prevention. If emergency medical services are to accomplish their mission, however, observing standards of medical practice, legal provisions, and the given framework of society, they must not surrender to pure cost containment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gesundheitsfürsorge in Notfällen ist ein soziales Gut und Ausdruck der Humanität einer Gesellschaft. Ihr ethisches Grundwerteverständnis muß allen notfallmedizinischen Entscheidungen zugrundeliegen. Rettungsdienstliche Ethik ist Teil einer allgemeinen medizinischen Ethik, deren Grundlagen umrissen und deren Entscheidungs- und Handlungsanweisungen anhand rettungsdienstlicher Dilemmata geprüft werden. Da der Rettungsdienst aufgrund sich verknappender Ressourcen zunehmend unter wirtschaftlichen Rechtfertigungsdruck gerät, werden als Möglichkeiten zur Rationalisierung ohne Qualitätseinbuße die Abgrenzung nichtiger Maßnahmen („futile therapy”) und die Prävention diskutiert. Soll der Rettungsdienst die ihm gestellten Aufgaben unter Beachtung medizinischer Richtlinien, juristischer Vorgaben und gesellschaftlicher Rahmenbedingungen erfüllen, kann er sich nicht zum Büttel marktwirtschaftlichen Controllings machen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 2 (1999), S. 408-418 
    ISSN: 1436-0578
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akuter ischämischer Insult ; Schlaganfall-Team ; Neuroprotektion ; Thrombolyse ; Notfallmedizinische Versorgung ; Key words Acute ischaemic stroke ; Emergency medical services ; Stroke team ; Neuroprotection ; Thrombolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Studies into the pathophysiology of acute ischaemic stroke have indicated that treatment options are likely to be optimised when early signs of stroke are recognised and treatment is initiated within 3 hours from symptom onset. For most patients there is a long delay between the onset of symptoms and the start of therapy. Many factors are responsible for this time delay: signs and symptoms often go unrecognised by patients, relatives and bystanders and stroke is not given a high priority by medical staff. Although a small number of stroke patients is treated as emergency and attended to by the emergency medical services within this time window, this number could easily be increased by intensified public and emergency personnel education. For the future, we hope that emergency medical services (EMS) will be able to initiate therapies which must be administered within the first few hours of acute stroke. Standard of care by the EMS personnel includes maintenance of oxygenation, treatment of cardiac arrhythmia and hypertension as well as hyperglycemia and hyperthermia. Early notification by the emergency medical services about stroke patients would enable stroke teams to be present at admission, thus improving the likelihood of a better outcome for patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zur Pathophysiologie des akuten ischämischen Insultes haben gezeigt, daß optimale Bedingungen bestehen, wenn die Frühsymptome des Schlaganfalls schnell erkannt werden und die Behandlung innerhalb von 3 h nach Einsetzen der Erstsymptome eingeleitet wird. Zwischen dem Auftreten der Symptome und Therapiebeginn geht oft wertvolle Zeit verloren. Die Symptome werden von Patienten, Verwandten oder Zeugen nicht bemerkt oder bagatellisiert. Auch von rettungsdienstlichem und medizinischen Personal wird dem Schlaganfall nur wenig Priorität beigemessen. Nur eine geringe Zahl von Schlaganfallpatienten wird innerhalb des oben genannten Zeitfensters notfallmedizinisch versorgt. Die Steigerung dieser Anzahl ist durch intensivierte Ausbildungsmaßnahmen, die sowohl die Öffentlichkeit als auch das notfallmedizinische Personal berücksichtigen, zu erreichen. Der gültige Behandlungsstandard in der Akuttherapie umfaßt eine adäquate zerebrale Oxygenierung, die Behandlung von Herzrhythmusstörungen, das Blutdruck-Management sowie die Therapie von Hyperglykämie und Hyperthermie. Der Schlaganfallpatient sollte frühzeitig bei der aufnehmenden Klinik angemeldet werden, um die Aufnahme durch ein spezielles Stroke-Team zu ermöglichen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Retinal vessels ; Fluorescein angiography ; Shear ; Hematocrit ; Yield of fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work was to obtain more quantitative knowledge about the yield of fluorescence from retinal vessels during fluorescein angiography. The influence of shear rate, concentration of sodium fluorescein, hematocrit, and layer thickness on the yield of fluorescence from blood were investigated. Measurements were performedin vitro on samples of human blood in a cone-plate shear chamber using frontal illumination. Application of physiologically relevant levels of shear (〉88/sec) decreased the yield of fluorescence from the blood sample considerably as compared with stasis. The yield of fluorescence was proportionally related to the logarithm of the sodium fluorescein concentration in blood up to a sodium fluorescein concentration of 1.2 mg/ml. Above that concentration quenching occurred. An increase in layer thickness at a hematocrit of 45% resulted only in an increase of the yield of fluorescence up to a layer thickness of 25 μm. In conclusion, the sodium fluorescein concentration in blood is the only important factor that determines the yield of fluorescence from the larger retinal vessels in the successive phases of the fluorescein angiogram in a subject with a given hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration. The yield of fluorescence from retinal vessels (〉25 μm) is proportionally related to the logarithm of the sodium fluorescein concentration over a broad range of concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 475-481 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Retinal vessels ; Indocyanine green angiography ; Shear rate ; Hematocrit ; Yield of fluorescence ; Scanning laser ; ophthalmoscope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work was to obtain more quantitative knowledge about the yield of fluorescence from retinal vessles during indocyanine green angiography (ICG). The yield of fluorescence from blood was investigated for various shear rates, concentrations of ICG, and layer thicknesses. Measurements were performed in vitro on samples of human blood in a cone-plate shear chamber using frontal illumination as in scanning laser angiography. In blood and in plasma, the yield of fluorescence of ICG increased with concentration up to 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml, respectively. At higher concentrations, the yield decreased for all layer thicknesses. For increasing layer thicknesses, both in plasma and in blood, the yield of ICG fluorescence increased nonlinearly for concentrations higher than 0.012 mg/ml. Saturation occurred for layers thicker than 200 μm in combination with ICG concentrations of 0.4 mg/ml and higher. Application of shear rates within the physiological range of the microcirculation (88/sec and 528/sec) increased the yield of fluorescence from the blood sample compared with stasis. The high transparency of blood for the excitation and emission light of ICG that was demonstrated will lead to superposition of fluorescence from superficial and deeper layers. This superposition precludes quantitative indocyanine angiography of ocular vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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