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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transplant international 11 (1998), S. S340 
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Skin allotransplantation ; Immunosuppression ; Malononitrilamides ; Combination therapy ; Cyclosporine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The low molecular weight malononitrilamides (MNAs), a new class of immunosuppressive agents, belong to the derivatives of leflunomide's active metabolite, A771726. They have been shown to bind specifically to dehydroorotate dehydrogenase and inhibit de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, thereby blocking T- and B-cell proliferation and strongly suppressing IgM and IgG antibody production. Here we evaluated their efficacy together with cyclosporine (CyA) in rat skin allotransplantation models, using different strain combinations. Monotherapy of transplanted animals in these models with the MNAs HMR 1279 and HMR 1715 resulted in a significant and dose-dependent prolongation of the graft survival time. Even a short-term application showed efficacy in the prevention of acute rejection. The MNAs were also effective when treatment was started at the time of expected rejection crisis, demonstrating strong therapeutic activity to reverse ongoing acute rejection, whereas CyA was ineffective for the treatment of ongoing allograft rejection episodes. Combination therapy of MNAs with CyA proved to be very effective for the prevention of acute skin graft rejection. Interestingly, whereas CyA alone was unable to treat ongoing acute rejection episodes, comedication of MNAs and CyA, even after a short-term application, was synergistically effective and significantly suppressed ongoing allogeneic skin graft rejection. These results demonstrate that MNAs are potent and well tolerated immunosuppressants with a potential comparable to that of CyA, but they are superior to CyA in their ability to reverse acute rejection episodes. They represent powerful rescue drugs and demonstrate synergistic activity with CyA to prevent acute and treat ongoing skin allograft rejection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 376 (1991), S. 214-221 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Langerhans-Inseln ; Inseltransplantation ; Xenografts ; Mikrozirkulation ; Cyclosporin A (±)-15-Deoxyspergualin ; Angiogenese ; Revaskularisation ; Abstoßung ; Hamster ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Transplantation of insulin secreting tissue as a free graft has the potential to become a safe and simple procedure to cure diabetes. However, clinical results, i.e. achievement of insulin independency, are poor, in spite of the use of immunosuppressive regimens, which are regularly successful in whole organ transplantation. In contrast to whole organ grafts, which are revascularized immediately after transplantation, free pancreatic islet grafts require the process of revascularization in order to establish a microvascular network, sufficient for the nutritional blood supply. We have demonstrated for the first time in vivo images of the process of revascularization of free islet xenografts including microvascular phenomena during graft rejection. Rat islet xenografts were isolated by collagenase digestion and transplanted into hamster dorsal skinfold chambers. After 6, 10 and 14 days the microvasculature of the islet grafts was analyzed by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy. Xenogeneic grafts were revascularized during the first 6 days similarly compared to syngeneic grafts; however, on day 10 after transplantation a reduction in size of the microvascular network as well as a decrease in functional capillary density and a reduction in capillary red blood cell velocity were observed, accompanied by microvascular rejection phenomena, such as an increase of microvascular permeability, edema formation, capillary widening and intravascular accumulation of white blood cells (WBCs) with concomitant WBC-endothelium interaction in postcapillary venules. Treatment with 2.5 mg/kg/d (±)-15-deoxyspergualin could not completely alleviate these microvascular rejection phenomena. Cyclosporine A was even more ineffective due to an extreme rarefication of the number of microvessels per islet, which may be interpreted as toxic effect of cyclosporine A on the microvessels, or as inhibitory effect on the process of angiogenesis and revascularization, respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Transplantation von isolierten Langerhans-Inseln wäre ein einfaches and sicheres Verfahren zur Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus. Die bisherigen klinischen Ergebnisse sind jedoch nicht ermutigend. Im Gegensatz zu Herz-, Leber- oder Nierentransplantaten, welche unmittelbar anastomosiert werden, ist bei der Transplantation von Langerhans-Inseln der aktive Prozess der Angioneogenese und Revaskularisierung erforderlich, um eine ausreichende mikrovaskuläre Versorgung des Transplantates zu gewährleisten. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Mikrovaskularisierung von xenogenen Langerhans-Inseln nach Transplantation und Abstoßung mittels intravitaler Fluoreszenzmikroskopie untersucht. Nach Kollagenasedigestion werden Pankreasinseln von DA-Ratten isoliert und in die Riickenhautkammer von Syrischen Goldhamstern transplantiert. 6, 10 und 14 Tage nach Transplantation wurde die Mikrozirkulation unter Verwendung eines computerassistierten Bildverarbeitungssystems quantitativ analysiert. Nach xenogener Transplantation erfolgte während der ersten 6 Tage eine adäquate Revaskularisierung, vergleichbar zur syngenen Transplantation. 10 Tage nach Transplantation erfolgte jedoch eine Abstoßungsreaktion vornehmlich innerhalb der Mikrozirkulation. Diese war charakterisiert durch Reduktion der funktionellen Kapillardichte, Abnahme der kapillären Blutzellgeschwindigkeit, Erhöhung der mikrovaskulären Permeabilität mit interstitiellem Ödem, kapilläre Dilatation sowie Akkumulation von Leukozyten mit Leukozyten-Endothel Interaktion, insbesondere in postkapillären Venolen. Durch Behandlung mit 2,5 mg/kg/d (±)-15-Deoxyspergualin konnte die mikrovaskuläre Abstoßungsreaktion nicht vollständig verhindert werden. Cyclosporin A Behandlung (20 mg/kg/d) war ohne Erfolg, da mit dieser Therapie eine Rarefizierung der Mikrogefäße innerhalb der Inseln erfolgte. Der ungünstige Effekt von Cyclosporin A könnte auf einer Toxizität für das mikrovaskuläre Endothel, oder einem inhibitorischen Effekt der Substanz auf den Prozess der Angioneogenese und Revaskularisierung beruhen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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