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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words DNA markers ; Genetic diversity ; Agroecological area ; Quality ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  For studying genetic differentiation caused by selection for adaptation and end-use, the allele frequencies of 42 microsatellites (MS), representative of the three wheat genomes, were analysed in a total of 60 wheat cultivars. The cultivars originate from three agroecological areas (AEAs) – Germany, Austria and Hungary – and represent equal numbers of ’quality wheats’ and ’feed wheats’ for each country. For the 42 loci, 202 alleles were detected using PAGE and silver staining. The average number of alleles per locus was 4.8, including four monomorphic loci. For 16 loci, null alleles were detected. Cluster analysis clearly differentiated the varieties according to the three AEAs and, within each AEA, into quality wheats from feed wheats. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences of distance data between AEAs as well as between quality groups. The correlation between genetic distance (GD) and pedigree data (coefficient of diversity, COD) was r s=0.45. The results have proven the excellent resolving power of MS in varietal differentiation, which arises through breeding under specific environmental conditions, and for different end-use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ethik in der Medizin 12 (2000), S. 65-74 
    ISSN: 1437-1618
    Keywords: Key words: Human experimentation ; Therapeutic research ; Nontherapeutic research ; Informed consent ; Schlüsselwörter: Medizinische Forschung ; Heilversuch ; Humanexperiment ; Aufklärung und Einwilligung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. In der Medizin kommt der Differenzierung in „therapeutische” versus „nicht-therapeutische” Forschung große klinische, ethische und rechtliche Bedeutung zu. Diese Unterscheidung spielt nicht nur in der klinischen Forschungspraxis eine große Rolle, sondern sie findet sich auch in zahlreichen Gesetzen, internationalen Richtlinien und Deklarationen. Der Artikel argumentiert, dass diese Unterscheidung sowohl auf medizinischer (deskriptiver) als auch auf ethischer (normativer) Ebene problematisch ist. Durch theoretische Analyse und anhand eines klinischen Beispieles wird gezeigt, dass Patienten durch den Begriff „therapeutische Forschung” manipuliert werden können. Dadurch wird eine angemessene Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung im Prozess des Informed Consent erschwert.
    Notes: Abstract. Definition of the problem: The differentiation between ”therapeutic” and ”non-therapeutic” research has found broad acceptance within clinical research, law and medical ethics and is part of national law and international declarations. However, this terminology is problematic on the medical (descriptive) as well as on the ethical (normative) level. Arguments: On theoretical grounds and with an example from clinical practice it is argued that e.g. the terms ”therapeutic research” and ”experimental treatment” are rather manipulative to the patient. Conclusion: In obtaining informed consent from human subjects in medical research the individual risk-benefit-assessment should be pointed out clearly rather than arguing in the category of ”therapeutic” versus ”non-therapeutic” research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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