Bibliothek

Notizen: Abstract. Objective and Design: The effect of tenidap on the metabolism of arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway was investigated in vitro and in vivo.¶Materials and Treatment: In vitro (cells). Arachidonic acid (AA) stimulated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells; A23817 activated neutrophils (human rat, and rabbit), macrophages (rat), and blood (human). In vitro (enzyme activity). RBL-cell homogenate; purified human recombinant 5-LO. In vivo: Rat (Sprague-Dawley) models in which peritoneal leukotriene products were measured after challenge with zymosan (3 animals per group), A23187 (11 animals per group), and immune complexes (3-5 animals per group), respectively.¶Methods: 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) and dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (diHETEs, including LTB4) were measured as radiolabeled products (derived from [14C]-AA) or by absorbance at 235 or 280 nm, respectively, after separation by HPLC. Radiolabeled 5-HPETE was measured by a radio-TLC analyser after separation by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Deacylation of membrane bound [14C]-AA was determined by measuring radiolabel released into the extracellular medium. 5-LO translocation from cytosol to membrane was assessed by western analysis. Rat peritoneal fluid was assayed for PGE, 6-keto-PGF1〈alpha〉, LTE4 or LTB4 content by EIA and for TXB2 by RIA.¶Results: Tenidap suppressed 5-LO mediated product production in cultured rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells from exogenously supplied AA, and in human and rat neutrophils, and rat peritoneal macrophages stimulated with A23187 (IC50, 5–15 〈mu〉M). In addition, tenidap was less potent in inhibiting the release of radiolabeled AA from RBL-1 cells (IC50, 180 〈mu〉M), suggesting that the decrease in 5-LO derived products could not be explained by an effect on cellular mobilization of AA (i.e., phospholipase). Tenidap blocked 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) production by dissociated RBL-1 cell preparations (IC50, 7 〈mu〉M), as well as by a 100,000 × g supernatant of 5-LO/hydroperoxidase activity, suggesting a direct effect on the 5-LO enzyme itself. In addition, tenidap impaired 5-LO translocation from cytosol to its membrane-bound docking protein (FLAP) which occurs when human neutrophils are stimulated with calcium ionophore, indicating a second mechanism for inhibiting the 5-LO pathway. Surprisingly, tenidap did not block the binding of radiolabeled MK-0591, an indole ligand of FLAP, to neutrophil membranes. Although its ability to inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway was readily observed in whole blood and in vivo, tenidap's 5-LO blockade could not be demonstrated by ionophore stimulated human blood, nor after oral dosing in rat models in which peritoneal leukotriene products were measured after challenge with three different stimuli. The presence of extracellular proteins greatly reduced the potency of tenidap as a 5-LO inhibitor in vitro, suggesting that protein binding is responsible for loss of activity in animal models.¶Conclusions: Tenidap inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activity in vitro both directly and indirectly by interfering with its translocation from cytosol to the membrane compartment in neutrophils. A potential mechanism for the latter effect is discussed with reference to tenidap's ability to lower intracellular pH. Tenidap did not inhibit 5-LO pathway activity in three animal models.

Notizen: Abstract We report a woman with fatal head injuries in whom CT demonstrated pneumocephalus and diffuse intravascular air.