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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced cadmium and lead burden in Japan in the past 10 years (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Blood level ; Cadmium ; Dietary intake Japan ; Lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective To investigate the current levels of exposure of the Japanese population to cadmium and lead, in comparison with the levels in 1980s. ⋅ Design A nation wide survey was conducted in 1991–1994 (the 1990 study) in 19 study sites in Japan as a follow-up to a study conducted in 1979–1983 (the 1980 study). Blood samples and 24-h total food duplicates were collected from women who did not smoke or drink habitually. Methods Blood and food duplicates (after homogenization) were analysed for cadmium (Cd-B and Cd-F, respectively) and lead (Pb-B and Pb-F) by graphite furnace atomic absorption after wet-ashing. ⋅ Results Altogether, 467 women volunteered for blood sampling. Of these women, 375 also gave food duplicates. Geometric mean (GM) Cd-B levels in the 1990 study were lower than the corresponding 1980 values in most study sites so that the 1990 grand GM (1.98 ng/ml) for Cd-B was significantly lower than the 1980 GM (3.58 ng/ml). This reduction in Cd-B was related to the reduction in Cd-F (GM for Cd-F was 38.0 μg/day in the 1980 study and 30.0 μg/day in the 1990 study). Dietary intake was almost exclusively the route of Cd burden among the populations studied. Both Pb-B and Pb-F also showed a remarkable reduction, i.e. from 33.9 ng/ml (1980 GM) to 23.2 ng/ml (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-B, and from 32.2 μg/day (1980 GM) to 7.1 μg/day (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-F. Pb-B, however, did not correlate with Pb-F either in the 1980 or the 1990 study, because Pb intake via inhalation of air remained significant when compared with dietary intake. ⋅ Conclusion The Cd burden in Japan has decreased markedly in the past 10 years, although it is still higher than in other countries. The Pb burden has been quite low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050065
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further reduction in lead exposure in women in general populations in Japan in the 1990s, and comparison with levels in east and south-east Asia (2000)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Biological exposure monitoring ; Environmental exposure ; Japanese women ; Lead ; Dietary exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The objective of the study was to elucidate the current level of environmental lead (Pb) exposure of women in general population in Japan, where the use of organic Pb in automobile gasoline was phased out from 1973 to reach a zero level early in the 1980s. Methods: A survey was conducted in 27 sites throughout Japan from 1991 to 1997. Five hundred and eighty-eight non-smoking women from the sites offered 24-h food duplicate, peripheral blood, and spot urine samples. Pb in food duplicates (Pb-F), blood (Pb-B), and urine (Pb-U) were analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results of Pb-F and Pb-B were compared with observations from a study conducted from 1977 to 1981 on 339 women at the same sites. Log-normal distribution was assumed for the evaluation of the results. Results: Geometric means (GMs) of Pb-F, Pb-B, and Pb-U in the 1991–1997 study were 9.0 μg/day, 20.2 μg/l, and 2.18 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The values for Pb-F and Pb-B were substantially lower than the values (32.8 μg/day for Pb-F and 31.7 μg/l for Pb-B) obtained in the 1977–1981 study, which were already low when compared internationally. Cd-U values in the period from 1991 to 1997 also appeared to be among the lowest in the world. Analysis for time-dependent changes in Pb-U was, however, not possible at the time of this study because no values were available for the period from 1977 to 1981. Conclusions: Substantial reductions from 1977–1981 levels in environmental Pb exposure were observed among the study populations in Japan. Current exposure levels appear to be lower than those in other parts of Asia, the USA, and Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050013
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between urine and blood concentrations, and dietary intake of cadmium and lead among women in the general population of Japan (2000)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Biological exposure monitoring ; Blood ; Cadmium ; Environmental exposure ; Food ; Lead ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To examine whether lead (Pb) in urine and cadmium (Cd) in blood, especially the former, can be used as markers of environmental exposure of general populations to these metals. Methods: Between 1991 and 1998, spot urine and peripheral blood samples, together with 24 h duplicates of food intake were collected from 607 non-smoking adult women in 30 survey sites (SS) in seven administrative regions all over Japan. Urine, blood and food duplicate samples were analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry, for Cd and Pb in urine (Cd-U and Pb-U), in blood (Cd-B and Pb-B) and in food duplicates (Cd-F and Pb-F). Correlation between the measurements was examined by regression analysis. Results: The Cd-B correlated closely with Cd-U, and both Cd-B and Cd-U with Cd-F, on an individual basis (n = 607), on an SS basis (n = 30) and on a regional basis (n = 7). The Pb-U however did not correlate with Pb-B on a regional basis although they correlated with each other when analyzed on an individual as well as SS basis. Moreover, the correlation coefficients between Pb-U and Pb-B were much smaller than those between Cd-U and Cd-B. Neither Pb-U nor Pb-B showed significant correlation with Pb-F on any levels of statistical analysis. Conclusions: Both Cd-B and Cd-U can be employed as biomarkers of environmental Cd exposure. The reliability of Pb-U for use in place of Pb-B appeared to be small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050023
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