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  • 1
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Irradiation with 800 r of x-ray was applied to the exteriorized left ovary, to both ovaries or to the left ovary after unilateral (right) castration of 60day old rats. Treated females were placed with the male at 60, 70, 80 or 90 days of age. Females were explored at eight or nine days after sperm were found in the morning smears to determine the number of implanations.The number of matings was reduced during the period of normal vaginal cycles. Matings did occur after the unset of continuous vaginal cornification.Animals with an irradiated left and a normal right ovary maintained an average number of implantations through pregnancies one to seven. The normal ovary compensated for the loss of production by the irradiated ovary. Bilateral irradiation caused a decrease in implantations in the second and third pregnancies. In individual cases, however, thenormal complement for a single ovary occurred as late as 201 days after irradiation. The irradiated ovary in the absence of the other ovary compensated by producing more implantations; its period of production was limited to 31 days following irradiation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between Marshall's metalophilic reticular cells and the cells exhibiting non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase activity in the rat spleen. Untreated and stimulated animals were used. Observations were made chiefly on the marginal metalophils of Snook. These cells showed strong acid phosphatase activity but only slight non-specific esterase activity in untreated animals. Following stimulation non-specific esterase activity increased in these cells. Within the nodules metalophilic reticular cells were always more numerous than cells with enzyme activity. Many of these metalophilic cells developed enzyme activity following stimulation. By the use of a restaining technique it was shown that all reticular cells possessing enzyme activity were also metalophilic but that the converse was not true. No mitotic activity was present in these cells.The results suggest that Marshall's metalophils are cells of the reticuloendothelial system in various stages of maturation and that, following stimulation, they may differentiate into mature phagocytic cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 213 (1985), S. 464-472 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: White Leghorn chicken eggs, specific pathogen free, were treated with the organophosphate insecticide dicrotophos and the early defects thus induced were characterized histologically. Eggs were incubated for 24, 48, 72, or 96 hr, injected with doses of dicrotophos ranging from 250 μg to 2.0 mg per egg, and observed after an additional 48 hr of incubation. Treated embryos displayed general developmental retardation as well as unilateral retardation of the cranial sense organs, the youngest embryos being most severely affected. Many embryos injected with insecticide at 24 hr, and all but one injected at 48 or 72 hr, displayed notochordal folding, usually restricted to the cervical region; most of these also showed deformities of the adjacent spinal cord. Other defects, seen on a less consistent basis, included branching of the neural canal in the lumbar region, bifurcation of the neural epiphysis, deformation of the lens vesicle, and distention of the major blood vessels. The incidence and severity of epiphyseal, lens, and vascular defects were greatest among embryos treated at 24 hr, whereas notochordal and both types of neural defects were greatest among those treated at 48 hr. The incidence and severity of the abnormalities diminished with increasing age such that by 96 hr the only defect noted was a weak notochordal folding in one embryo. To a lesser extent, incidence and severity were dose-related also. Histological similarities between embryos displaying vascular distention and recently dead treated embryos suggested that this abnormality is a precursor to death. All defects were associated with the presence of the insecticide at the time the affected structures were undergoing initial or early morphogenesis or else the deposition of a supportive sheath, suggesting these activities as targets of the teratogen.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 212 (1985), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Discovery of components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the adenohypophysis of several species has prompted speculation concerning the location and possible function of a pituitary RAS. Although both renin and angiotensin II have been localized within the rat adenohypophysis, their colocalization has not been previously demonstrated within the same cells. In the present study, immunohistochemical staining by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique was used to demonstrate the coexistence of renin and angiotensin II in adenohypophyseal cells identified morphologically and immunocytochemically as gonadotrophs. These results support the existence of an adenohypophyseal RAS, at least part of which is under intracellular control. The influence of this system on control of fluid balance, blood pressure, and the secretion of other hypophyseal hormones is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 241 (1995), S. 563-578 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Basal ganglia ; Cytoarchitecture ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Opossum ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The substantia nigra has been divided into three subdivisions. However, the cytoarchitecture of one of these subdivisions, the pars lateralis (SNI), has not been previously examined in detail at the light and electron microscopic levels in any species. In the adult opossum, the three nigral subdivisions can be easily distinguished as distinct, rostrocaudally oriented cell groups separated by neuron-free zones. Thus it was possible to determine the boundaries of the SNI unambiguously. This report covers the results of an examination of the morphology and organization of the SNI in the opossum.Methods: Material from 13 opossums was used for this study. Eight of the animals had been previously stained for Nissl substance (n=4) or impregnated by the Golgi technique (n=4). The remaining five animals were prepared for electron microscopic studies using standard procedures.Results: Two cell types were identified on the basis of morphological differences, small and medium-large neurons. Small neurons (10-18 μm long axis) have large nuclei with moderate amounts of heterochromatin and a thin rim of cytoplasm. They have long (up to 500 μm), spine-free dendrites. Medium-large neurons (18-54 μm long axis) have rounded nuclei with electron-lucent nucleoplasm. Few indentations of the nuclear envelope were observed. The surrounding cytoplasm has dense arrays of organelles. Nissl bodies are particularly prominent in the form of pyramids with their bases at juxtanuclear positions and their apices directed toward emerging dendrites. Dendrites of medium-large neurons are long (some〉1 mm in length), are primarily oriented in the frontal plane, and extend along the dorsal surface of or into the cerebral peduncle. Some cells have dendrites that are moderately spinous, whereas other neurons possess sparsely spinous dendrites. Relatively few synaptic profiles are observed to contact somata and proximal dendrites.Conclusion: This report provides added morphological support for the idea that the SNI is a distinct subdivision of the substantia nigra, a distinction previously made on the basis of the physiologically characterized relationship between the lateral substantia nigra and orienting behaviors and seizure-related function. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 241 (1995), S. 439-450 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Golgi ; TGN ; Inflammation ; Acute phase response ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: During the acute phase response to inflammation, the Golgi apparatus of rat hepatocytes processes an increased quantity of glycoproteins, in the form of acute phase reactants.Methods: The compartmental organization of the hepatocyte Golgi of control and 24 hour inflamed rats was studied, using transmission electron microscopic techniques, including cytochemistry, to detect nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase (NADPase), thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), and cytidine monophosphatase (CMPase) activity.Results: In inflamed rats, individual Golgi stacks were enlarged, but retained their organization into four compartments:1) a phosphatase negative, perforated cis-element, 2) two mid-saccules which sometimes were positive for NADPase, 3) one or occasionally two NADPase and TPPase positive trans-saccules, and 4) a tubulovesicular trans-Golgi network (TGN) which was NADPase reactive and contained a spotty TPPase reaction product. Two of these compartments were noticably altered in response to inflammation. The two mid-saccules were consistently and uniformly dilated. The TGN was altered to the point of being difficult to recognize and had acquired CMPase reactivity. In control rats the TGN consisted of anastomosing tubules forming cage-like structures; secretory granules containing lipoprotein particles pinched off from these. In inflamed rats, most of the cage-like TGN structures had been replaced with an extensive vesicular syncytium which produced secretory granules with a granulofilamentous content.Conclusions: In hepatocytes from inflamed rats an apparent switch had occured in the type of secretory material processed by the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, the inflammation-induced increase in the size of individual Golgi stacks apparently was not due to a parallel increase in size of all Golgi saccules. Rather, saccules within given Golgi compartments responded in a characteristic and specific manner to the increase in glycoprotein processing that occurs during inflammation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 159 (1967), S. 159-169 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the spleens of mice and the animals were sacrificed ten minutes after injection. The tissues were reacted with 3-3′ diaminobenzidine hydrochloride and the distribution of the reaction product was studied with both the light and electron microscope. The peroxidase was localized between epithelial cells up to the region of the tight junction and within vacuoles in the absorptive cells Granules ranging in size from ca. 40A to 600A were observed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in numbers far in excess of that found in control specimens. It appeared that the diffuse light brown staining observed in epithelial cells with the light microscope could be attributed to large numbers of granules of reaction product free in the cytoplasm. When corn oil was given by stomach tube and an intravascular injection of perioxidase was given ten minutes later, absorbed lipid was found to pass from interepithelial cell spaces to lamina propria at the same time that peroxidase was traversing the same compartments in the reverse direction. Hence, it was shown that exogenous peroxidase and probably other substances of vascular origin required for the metabolism of epithelial cells are exposed to both the basal and lateral epithelial cell membranes, even when absorbed lipid is traversing the same spaces in the opposite direction.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 197 (1980), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Studies of Sertoli cell structure, maturation, and function have been aided by the use of in vitro systems. Although numerous papers have appeared that utilize the Sertoli cell culture model, few papers have dealt with the characterization of these cells under various culture environments. Recently, it has been reported that the addition of serum to the culture medium prevents induction of long cytoplasmic appendages in cultured Sertoli cells that have been treated with FSH, TSH, or c-AMP. The purpose of this investigation was to determine which serum components, obtained by gel filtration, are capable of inhibiting the morphological response induced by FSH, TSH, or c-AMP. Sertoli cell-enriched cultures were prepared using collagenase and trypsin digestion, each followed by gravity sedimentation. Untreated cells grown on plastic or glass substrates assumed an epithelioid appearance after several days. Cells treated with FSH, TSH, or c-AMP formed long cytoplasmic appendages after 1-2 days. This response was prevented or reversed by the addition of fetal calf serum (10%), crystallized bovine serum albumin (0.25%-2%), or purified albumin obtained by gel filtration of whole serum (0.25%). It was also found that fractions that elute between the void volume and the initial albumin fractions (molecular weights of approximately 50,000 and greater) mimic the hormone-induced response after only 10-12 hours. The results of this investigation indicate that albumin is the primary serum component responsible for inhibiting morphological alterations induced by FSH, TSH, and c-AMP. Furthermore, it is apparent that the production of long filamentous cytoplasmic appendages in Sertoli cells can be induced by a wide variety of substances.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lactoferrin (Lf) in blood and/or marrow neutrophils was semiquantified using indirect immunofluorescence technique in nine mammalian species. Neutrophil iron-binding reactivity (NFeBR), which corresponds primarily to Lf, was also visualized and semiquantified using functional cytochemical (FeNTA-AF) technique at the light microscopic level in these nine and in an additional fifteen mammalian species, and in selected species at the ultrastructural level. Neutrophil immunoreactive Lf was positively correlated with total cellular and granule content of NFeBR among these nine species, and with previously reported concentrations of neutrophil Lf quantified by radioimmunoassay. Relative levels of Lf in neutrophil extracts from rat, hamster, and human were confirmed using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Relatively high levels of immunoreactive neutrophil Lf and/or NFeBR were observed in carnivores (ten species) and primates (six species). Among rodents (five species), the levels were variable, and the artiodactyls (four species) studied had low levels. These results demonstrate that neutrophil Lf levels vary widely among mammalian species. In addition, FeNTA-AF technique provides a rapid means of evaluating animals for relative quantities of neutrophil Lf.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 216 (1986), S. 528-533 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Gravimetric determination of total bone water space was used as an index of available bone marrow space in mice following various specific stressors, i.e., splenectomy, hypoxia, bone fracture, and estrone-induced osteosclerosis. Data was corrected for bone weight and was reported as specific bone marrow volume (total bone water space/mg dry bone × 100).A direct relationship was observed between specific bone marrow volume and medullary hemopoietic activity induced by stress. Absolute and/or relative marrow space increased following splenectomy, hypoxia, and fracture. Osteosclerotic animals shift most hemopoietic activity from marrow to spleen, and splenectomized osteosclerotic animals become anemic. Both intact and splenectomized hypoxic animals develop increased specific bone marrow volume and successfully compensate for hypoxia with enhanced erythropoiesis. Animals sustaining a fracture callus increase both specific bone marrow volume and hemopoietic activity at the callus without an increase in hemopoietic demand.Increased specific bone marrow volume extends the marrow bone interface, where primitive stem cells accumulate, while expanding marrow stromal space, where stem cells lodge, proliferate and differentiate. Therefore, it would appear that availability of competent marrow space may play an integral part in passively permitting hematopoiesis and in determining hemopoietic reserve capacity.Stem cell migration increases during intensified hemopoietic demand, which also may be related to available marrow space. Mice have a low medullary hemopoietic reserve capacity; subsequently, when available medullary hematopoietic stroma becomes occupied, stem cells are more likely to migrate from the marrow to extra-medullary sites where they mature before entering the circulating pool.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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