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  • 1995-1999  (5)
  • Malaria  (2)
  • cloud point  (2)
  • Bamboo mosaic potexvirus  (1)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Paracetamol disposition in Thai patients during and after treatment of falciparum malaria (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 48 (1995), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Paracetamol ; Malaria ; pharmacokinetics ; phase II conjugation ; glucuronidation ; sulphation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Investigations in animals have suggested that conjugation of paracetamol may be reduced in malaria. We have measured plasma concentrations and the urinary excretion of paracetamol and its phase II metabolites in eight Thai patients during uncomplicated falciparum malaria and in convalescence, following a 1000 mg single oral dose. The apparent oral clearance (Malaria, 3.6; Convalescence, 3.9; ml·min−1·kg−1), the elimination half-life (Malaria, 3.8; Convalescence, 3.7 h) and apparent volume of distribution (Malaria, 1.2; Convalescence, 1.2; l·kg−1) of paracetamol were similar during malaria and convalescence. In addition, the urinary excretion of paracetamol and its major phase II metabolites and their formation clearances from paracetamol were not significantly different between the two study phases. These data show that clinical malaria infection has no effect on the conjugation of paracetamol in man.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202175
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacokinetics of quinine in patients with chronic renal failure (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 497-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Quinine ; Malaria ; pharmacokinetics ; chronic renal failure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Methods: We investigated the pharmacokinetics of quinine (Qn) following administration of a single oral dose of 600 mg Qn sulphate in six male Thai patients with a moderate degree of chronic renal failure (CRF), and six male Thai subjects with normal renal function. Results: The drug was well tolerated in both groups of subjects; no major adverse reactions were observed. A marked alteration in the pharmacokinetics of Qn was found in patients with CRF compared to healthy subjects; there were six signifiicant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters. Absorption was delayed, but increased in CRF (tmax 4.5 vs 1.6 h, Cmax 6.17 vs 3.45 μg·ml−1). Total clearance was significantly reduced 0.94 vs 2.84 ml·min−1·kg−1, whereas Vz/f remained unchanged (1.82 vs 2.78 1·kg−1). This resulted in the increased values of AUC and prolongation of the t1/2z and MRT in the patients (AUC 181.5 vs 61.8 μg·min−1·ml−1, t1/2z 26 vs 9.7 h, MRT 36.4 vs 11.3 h). Median concentrations of plasma unbound fraction of Qn collected at 4 h after drug administration in patients and healthy subjects were 7.3 vs 9.8%, respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195937
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Defective RNA Associated with Bamboo Mosaic Virus and the Possible Common Mechanisms for RNA Recombination in Potexviruses (1999)
    Springer
    Virus genes 18 (1999), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-994X
    Schlagwort(e): Bamboo mosaic potexvirus ; defective RNA ; RNA combination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A naturally occurring 1.1 kb RNA was isolated from purified virions of bamboo mosaic potexvirus isolate S (BaMV-S). This RNA is a defective RNA (D RNA) derived from a single internal deletion of the BaMV genome. A cDNA clone representing the complete nucleotide sequence of the BaMV-S D RNA was generated and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The BaMV D cDNA is 1015 nts in length [excluding the poly(A) tail] and consists of two regions corresponding to 867 nts of the 5′ terminus and 148 nts of the 3′ terminus of the BaMV genomic RNA. BaMV D cDNA contains a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative 29.7 kDa protein comprised of a fusion of the first 258 amino acids of BaMV ORF 1 and the last 2 amino acids of coat protein. The coding capacity of D RNA was verified by in vitro translation of native BaMV-S D RNA and of 1.1 kb RNA transcribed in vitro from the full-length D cDNA. BaMV D RNA can be reproducibly generated by serial passages of BaMV-S in Nicotiana benthamiana and is the first D RNA in the potexvirus group shown to be generated de novo. Alignments of sequences surrounding the 5′ and 3′ junction borders of reported potexvirus D RNAs reveal a 65.2–84.6% sequence identity, suggesting that common mechanisms for viral RNA recombination are involved in the generation of potexvirus D RNAs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008008400653
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Physical Stability of Ethyl Diatrizoate Nanocrystalline Suspension in Steam Sterilization (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 569-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): nanocrystals ; submicron crystals ; suspensions ; steam sterilization ; physical stability ; surfactants ; cloud point ; ethyl diatrizoate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Purpose. To study the effects of formulation variables on the physical stability of a submicron crystal (nanocrystal) suspension under steam sterilization conditions. Methods. Suspensions of ethyl diatrizoate nanocrystals were prepared by wet milling in the presence of the surfactant poloxamine 908. Particle size distribution and zeta potential were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. Results. On heating, the mean particle size of the nanocrystal suspension remained essentially unchanged up to 110°C, the cloud point of the stabilizing surfactant, but increased significantly above that temperature. The increase in particle size was a result of particle aggregation rather than crystal growth. Adding a cloud point booster to the suspension significantly minimized the particle aggregation at high temperatures. The purity of poloxamine 908 and the tonicity agent and buffer salt used also affected the heat stability of the suspension, the latter agents apparently through altering the surfactant cloud point. Conclusions. The aggregation of the ethyl diatrizoate nanocrystalline suspension under steam sterilization conditions was a result of phase separation of the stabilizing surfactant at its cloud point. When formulated with a cloud point booster to prevent the phase-separation, the suspension maintained its physical stability under steam sterilization without any significant change in particle size distribution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018883431970
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cloud Point of Nonionic Surfactants: Modulation with Pharmaceutical Excipients (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 562-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): nonionic surfactants ; cloud point ; cloud point boosters ; poloxamers ; poloxamines ; liquid formulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Purpose. To determine the cloud point of a variety of nonionic surfactants and to search for means to raise the surfactant cloud point in liquid formulations. Methods. Cloud points of nonionic surfactants were determined visually in a water bath. Organic compounds, many of which have been used as pharmaceutical excipients, were tested initially for effect on the cloud point of poloxamine 908. Four effective cloud point boosters (CPBs) from different structural classes were further tested on additional surfactants. Results. A number of compounds can raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactants. These cloud point boosters are classified into two categories: nonionic and ionic. The nonionic CPBs include poly(ethylene glycols), propylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. They are effective at molar concentrations. The ionic CPBs include anionic and cationic surfactants, charged phospholipids, long chain fatty acids, and bile salts. They are effective at millimolar concentrations. Conclusions. The cloud point of nonionic surfactants used in liquid formulations can be modulated through the proper choice of excipient.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018831415131
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